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文化英語論文范文第1篇

On Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark Words and Coping Strategies

Xu Huimin

Abstracts: With the advent of economic globalization, more and more commodities are going out of the country and have a share in world market. Trademark is a special language symbol and important component of commodity culture，representing the unique characteristics of the commodity. It is also a powerful weapon for enterprisers to participate in international competition. Good trademark translation can bring tremendous wealth to the enterprise while the adverse trademark translation can make the enterprise pay a heavy price; therefore the survival of the enterprise has an intimate relationship with trademark translation. Trademark translation should follow the principles of translation and pay attention to the cultural forbidden zone in trademark translation. Here are many ways to translate trademarks, such as pinyin, transliteration and so on, which should pay attention to the cultural taboos of different countries and nationalities in order to avoid unnecessary troubles. 

1.    Introduction

The emergence of trademarks as a symbol of enterprise, it is a bridge between producers and consumers in direct dialogue it is a powerful weapon for enterprises to participate in international competition. The deepening of China's opening-up and the increasing economic activity of foreign-funded enterprises in China has greatly enriched the economic life of the Chinese people and created many new economic and commercial activities for the Chinese people. A large number of domestic exports to all parts of the world, foreign goods also flooded into the domestic market. Legitimate goods have their own trademarks. Today, with economic globalization and regional economic integration, more and more Chinese enterprises in order to seek larger development space and seek higher economic effectiveness for go out of the country and tend towards the world. At the same time, our lives appear many foreign brands with the same idea and purpose. A company whether can set up its own brand in this time of rapid economic growth and gain more development space, the key depend on product quality and research and development. But once you out of the country, you will face different culture, language, customs... under the background of the international market. The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. For example advertisement and translation of trademark will play a crucial role in the early stage. It is not an exaggeration to say that when an enterprise’s brand is in the international market, the name of the commodity translated appreciately or not. In a sense, it is directly related to the brand in the international market, in a way, is directly related to the enterprise brand in the international market.

Nowadays we can see all kinds of trademarks when we walking in the street. The trademark is has the remarkable feature of a commodity producer or business operator who use it in order to distinguish his goods from other people's goods. Therefore, in the circulation of commodities, trademark is the symbol of commodities. Some trademarks is a word, some trademarks are just a simple image design, while some signs are the combination of graphics and words. Taking trademarks advertising commodity has become an important way of enterprises to tap the potential of international market and promote the development of international trade. Trademark translation is the transformation from one language to another, and to maintain its original style and connotation. Nowadays more and more foreign goods are entering the Chinese market. Meanwhile, more and more Chinese products are selling goods all around the world. How successfully translate the English trademark into Chinese trademark has become a problem for many enterprises and the translator to consider, and if China's enterprises have intention to enter the international market, that must be consider how to have good translate for Chinese trademark the into the English trademark.

This paper starts from the taboo of trademark translation, analyzes the cultural taboos which should be paid attention to in the process of trademark translation due to different cultures of various countries. With the exchange of Chinese and foreign products, the translation of trademarks is inevitable, so the translation of trademarks plays an important role in the sale of goods outside the home. The first chapter mainly introduces the background and significance of trademark translation. The second chapter mainly introduces the method of trademark translation. The third chapter mainly introduces the different cultural taboos in different cultures, and the fourth chapter mainly puts forward some corresponding strategies for the cultural taboos in the world. The fifth chapter mainly summarizes the full content.

2. Translation Methods of Trademark

In the process of trademark translation, businessmen strive for trademark individuality, concise content, break through the rules of grammar, as far as possible with the least content text bearing the most corporate culture and commodity value, and to make consumers have the desire to buy the goods and facilitate the effect of memory.( 許金杞. 意美、音美、形美——英文商標的漢譯[J], 外語與外語教學(xué)，2002, (11): 48.).

2.1Transliteration

Transliteration is based on the pronunciation of English trademarks, which are translated in the same or similar pronunciation of Chinese characters. Its advantage is that it can maintain the original pronunciation advantage of the original brand and brand name, which can reflect the exotic atmosphere of the goods. Taking transliteration of trademark name is mainly composed of a person's name, enterprise name or other proper noun. This method is used in both English trademark translation and Chinese trademark translation. A common used for transliteration English trademark, such as Sony, L 'Orea, Nike, Casio, Revlon, Ikea etc.

2.2 Synthetic Phonics

Synthetic Phonics is to cut words or make words together, create a new word to translation brand name, make the brand name novel and interesting, impressive, and have abundant association. Therefore, it can play a role in the advocacy. Such as 新意達集團“Newit” (New + Wit), 東方星鐘表“Eastar”（Eeast + star）, 膚美靈化妝品“Skinice”（skin + nice）, 金霸王電池“Durable cell” (Durable + Cell), 尤妮佳“Unicharm”（union + charm）, 德生電 “Tecsun”（technology+ sun）.

2.3 Spelling

The trademark taking spelling which is more simply and intuitive, and is named directly in the form of pinyin. Such as:大寶（DABAO）、六神（LIUSHEN）、華為（HUAWEI）etc. When we use pinyin to translate the name of an English trademark, sometimes it does not have corresponding words or expressions of Chinese. Some trademarks will be presented in the form of pinyin in the translation process, but the word may have different meanings in English-speaking countries. For example, there is a trademark called “FUCK Pincers”, which probably initials of the company name. But in English, the word means “cheating, cajoling” or even sex slang. Therefore, when we translate trademarks, we should be careful of each country of cultural differences and cultural taboos. Although the use of pinyin translation of trademarks have failed cases, but the use of Pinyin translation of trademarks have a successful case. Such as “Chun Lan”（春蘭空調(diào)）and “Chang Hong”（長虹空調(diào)）. But these successes are in the minority. Some trademarks that use pinyin translation can be misleading, produce negative associations and cause ambiguity. Such as the lipstick brand “芳芳”, translated by pinyin as “Fang Fang”, but in English, the word “Fang” means “along, sharp tooth of a dog; a snake’s poison-tooth”. So, for cosmetics that want to make people beautiful, the translation is too different from its original meaning, and it can't arouse consumers' desire to buy. Although pinyin translation is relatively simple compared with other translation methods, but the trademark is only a sign, which usually loses the deep meaning of the original trademark. For example, “金龍” translates to “King Long”. The pronunciation of “金” and “King” is very close, and it has a noble meaning, and this conversion is reasonable. In China, “龍” is the symbol of Chinese culture, symbolizing the meaning of justice and prosperity, but the word “Long” in English pronunciation for “Wolf” so with the meaning of “龍” have a clear difference in meaning. In these cases, the loss of the original meaning of the trademark but also to foreign consumers puzzled, do not understand what these trademarks mean, thus affecting the sales volume.

2.4 Liberal Translation

The liberal translation refers to the translation according to the purport of the original text, not the word translation. Usually in the translation of sentences or phrases used more, liberal translation is mainly used in the original language and the translation of large cultural differences in the case. Liberal translation is more able to reflect the language characteristics of the nation. The transliteration of trade mark means that the translator has to abandon the literal meaning of the original text in order to conform to the original content and the main language function, which is based on the national culture and focuses on the cultural connotation. In other words, the transliteration is a completely literal translation. Such as “Red Bull”（紅牛飲料），“Microsoft”（微軟），The liberal translation, also called "Functional equivalence translation", usually only chooses the content of the original text and discards its form, which is a kind of translation after digestion. For example: “雀巢咖啡”translated into Nescafe. Nescafe is the abbreviation of Nestle Coffee, why do you have this translation? Because the coffee's outsourcing bottle cap is printed with the design of Nestle, its English is Nestle, and the “咖啡” translation is coffee, so in translating, The translator according to the meaning take two words together is “Nescafe”.

3. The Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark

Because in international trade different countries have different social, historical and cultural backgrounds, a commodity often appears to be popular in one country, but in another it is neglected. This is because the translator did not take fully the cultural and historical background of the trademark translation into account, which led to the marketing failure. Translators should have a certain understanding of different countries of national culture and cultural taboos, there will not due to the mistake of trademark translation, result in the failure of commodity marketing. ( Nida, E. “Language, Culture and Translating”, 上海: 上海外語教育出版社, 1993.).

3.1 Taboos of National Psychology

National psychology refers to the character, temperament, emotion, value orientation, religious mentality and aesthetic psychology of a nation. Although the psychological model of a nation has the same characteristics as other nationalities, but most of them are different and mutually exclusive. The national psychological differences make people have psychological conflict in the people intercourse, and form the barrier of mutual intercourse. National psychology is the inherent psychological characteristic of a nation in the process of long-term evolution. Because different ethnic groups are affected by different ecological environment, religious belief and historical political and cultural background, different ethnic groups form different national psychology. Different national psychology has created different values and consuming psychology. The psychological mode of a nation inevitably influences its shopping mentality. In the process of trademark translation, if we ignore the national psychological differences, the good products will not be bought for the unacceptable translated trademark in sales place. Such as “帆船” carpet is also the traditional export products translated into junk results in the United States market no one to buy. Originally junk in English sailing accident also have rubbish, tattered meaning. Later it was translated into “Junco” to attract the attention of foreign people. Because of the different customs and morals of each country and nation, the translator should consider the culture and customs of the place of sale. The trademark of the  “太陽神口服液” wants to show the world that the oral liquid can be full of youthful vigor, not directly translated into the "the god of the sun", the translator in the translation of the Cultural transformation, translated as "Apollo", the ancient Greek sun God's meaning, representing the light and youth, with the original language.

3.2 Element of Politics, Economy and History

Politics, economy and history determine the status of a country in the world, so it is a cultural taboo is an important factor to be considered in the translation of trademarks and a sensitive factor, so it is very important to take into account the political, economic and historical taboos in translation. Such as OPIUM perfume, inventor of the trademark in 1977 had been to China, he started from the Chinese snuff bottle modeling inspiration, created the "OPIUM" brand perfume, trademark means "OPIUM", translated as OPIUM will remind the Chinese of humiliation of the opium war, the strong national pride makes the perfume was listed in China slammed by consumers, and eventually banned due to violation of China's trademark law. Bear in modern economic terms, it can be matched with market, which means "market of falling market", popularly known as "weak city, market and bear market". Such words should not be used on trademarks.

3.3 The Variation of Culture Taboos in Different Countries

3.3.1 The Variation of Animal’s Symbolic Meaning

Panda: in China, they are seen as animals and pets, but in Muslim countries, they are seen as pig. African trademark also bans the panda.

Bats: westerners believe it is a symbol of terror, death and foreboding. Even kids know it's a vampire. However, in our country, it is regarded as a symbol of happiness, as an auspicious omen.

Elephant: in India, Sri Lanka and other countries are auspicious things and solemn symbols. But in some European countries, elephants have the same meaning as idiots

Owl: in our country, the owl is regarded as an ominous sign. In addition to the Swiss, westerners believe that it is the embodiment of wisdom, courage and toughness.

Peacock: in our country and south Asia, it symbolizes auspiciousness and beauty. India also sees it as a national bird, but Europeans see the peacock as a scourge.

Dogs: dogs in the west are seen as a loyal partner, protected by law. Instead, in some parts of northern Africa, people hate dogs and taboo dogs.

Cats: in many countries, they are considered pets. Europeans think cats can bring good luck. But many people in western countries think black cats are unlucky.

The crane: our country regards it as a symbol of good luck and longevity, while the French think the crane is a stupid man's name.

Rabbit: many countries think that rabbits are cute and docile, but in Australia they are the exception. Because rabbits eat grass, they are the bane of wool production, so they don't like the “rabbi” brand.

Phoenix: in our country is a kind of the miraculous animals, on behalf of the "lucky, happiness, and elegant. Chinese people  believed that a “鳳凰”bicycle can bring good luck, but in western culture legend phoenix is not dead bird, there is the meaning of" renewable "and" resurrection ", so the goods no takers in the west it is not surprising. A similar example of “喜鵲”，but the English word is “magpie” is talking about boring people in the west.

3.3.2 The Variation of Number Symbolic Meaning

0: Indians believe that the number ending in 0 is positive.

1: in the eyes of westerners, “1” means perfection and initiation.

3: the Greeks and Egyptians considered the “3” to be sacred, dignified and auspicious. Some western countries see this as an unlucky number.

4: North Korea, Japan and China think this number is unlucky. In the eyes of Japanese, it is lazy and useless. The Arabs thought it was immortal, so they attached great importance to this number.

7: Some Europeans and Americans think this is a good luck, while Singaporeans have the opposite idea.

8: this is a lucky number in China, which is very similar to the word "發(fā)", which people tend to choose when choosing a number. Singaporeans, however, say the Numbers are not good.

13: the west and Singapore think this number will bring bad luck and misfortune. So there are no 13 floors in western countries.

Digital deification also shows the difference between east and west. In our country “666”, “999”, “金六福”, “三元” and “13” these digital products, in the United States can see the “7-up”, “Modle Seven” and “7-eleven”and other trademarks of goods, but “666”, “13” goods exported to the United Kingdom and the United States will become a problem, because the “six” in the west is the symbol of the devil, 13 is an unlucky number. It is difficult for us to master the culture of each country, which requires us to accumulate knowledge to avoid the cultural taboos of other countries in the translation of trademarks.

3.3.3 The Variation of Color Symbolic Meaning

In China, green symbolizes life, red symbolizes passion, white symbolizes purity, and black symbolizes solemnity. In the United States, light colors are generally liked, such as ivory, light green, light blue, yellow, pink, light yellow, and they don't like purple. In France, people have imaginative about color. In addition, the color research and application is very exquisite, like red, yellow, blue and other colors. Bright-color is regarded as the symbol of vogue, luxuriant, nobility, so bright-color is popular in France. In eastern France, boys in fashion wear blue and girls wear pink. For Belgium, chrysanthemum means death, so similar to the chrysanthemum color won't welcome. For southern Belgium, girls love pink and boy love blue, ordinary people love the elegant grey. Avoid dark green, black and green color for Nazi uniform. It is not appropriate to use blue and yellow as a commercial in Sweden. Many countries like green, especially in the desert where Arabs see green as life, and green as a symbol of life for the flag. The Japanese, however, taboo green, who think green, is unlucky. In Malaysia, green is the symbol of disease. Westerners use white to symbolize purity, and black symbolizes death. Britain regards “red” as cruel and unlucky. In western countries, westerners regard white as a symbol of purity and beauty, and the bride's wedding dress is white, which symbolizes the purity and fidelity of love.

4.  Coping Strategies of Cultural Taboos in the Process of Translation

Trademarks are the unity of language and culture. Trademark translation, with the perspective of cross-cultural communication, accurately grasp, the surface culture and deep culture, which can turn the material value to the abstract spiritual value. It allowed consumers to understand the material value of goods and material language culture and spiritual culture. Goods are sold to different countries and regions, so cultural differences between different types and degrees are necessarily reflected in the language. Although the translator deals with individual words in trademark translation, the translator always faces two cultures. Facing with fierce competition, the translator must have a strong awareness of intercultural communication, and break the bondage of language form equivalence concept in order that bring out the sound and make all brand names of goods have broad market prospects.( [3] Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.).

4.1 Catering to Consumer Psychology

Culture affects all aspects of our lives. It restricts and regulates the process of feeling the world and forming ideas, thus forming some perceptual cultural determinism. These perceptual stereotypes affect people's values and consumer psychology. The translation of trademarks must take into account the cultural habits and aesthetic psychology of consumers. In international trade, it is not difficult to find that the product of the same trademark is popular in one place and suffers from a snub in another. It is important that whether trademark translation can cater to consumers' aesthetic psychology. A people said that "The translator must be a real cultural person". If the translator is not sufficiently knowledgeable about the language and cultural phenomena of the target language, it is likely to make unavoidable mistakes in language or culture. For example, the “白象” battery produced in our country is translated as “White Elephant”, originally in English, “White Elephant” meaning is “big and useless”. For example, there is a kind of electric appliance called “蝙蝠”, the Chinese will take their homophonic, “蝠-福氣”. When translated into “Bat”, it will cause Westerners to resent it because they hate the animal. It is important to know how to translate the correct trademark. The import trademarks translation needs to take into account the traditional culture of China and the consumption psychology of Chinese consumers. Foreign products enter the Chinese market, if they want to set up a good product image, and be loved by Chinese consumers, they should have a translation which is consistent with Chinese consumers' cultural habits and aesthetic psychology Such as the United States drink “Coca Cola”, a translator used several of its similar homophonic Chinese characters as their trademark name in its first sale in China, the result is no one buy, because these several Chinese characters together reminiscent of the shape of the tadpole, meaning of “啃蠟蝌蚪”. Later, a called Jiang Yi translator careful study of the translation of the “Coca-Cola”, not only retained the “cola” pronunciation, but also cater to the Chinese consumer's psychology, point out its “delicious” taste, and the “happy” effect. In a sense, “cola” can be sold in the Chinese market, which is a good idea of the translation has played a great role.

4.2 The Use of Concise Language

For trademark translation, consumers are impressed by the simple and easy to understand and easy to understand. Because of the significant differences in pronunciation, word formation, historical background and cultural tradition between Chinese and English, some of the most concise and powerful trademarks in one language may appear to be protracted and difficult to remember. For example the American beer “Budweiser”, translate into“百德威斯” is difficult to remember Obviously there is no “百威” to be concise, and "百威" makes people feel refreshed and infinitely powerful. The trademark translation should make the reader feel good, remember, love and be willing to buy its goods, such as “Panten”(潘婷), “Olay” (玉蘭油), the translation is elegant and pleasant to hear. Therefore, when translating trademarks, we should bear in mind the memory function of trademarks, make the translation straightforward and simple, easy to read and easy to remember, and try to avoid those lengthy and cumbersome ones, that is, no real meaning, difficult to read and hard to remember . The most important goal of trademark translation is to enable consumers to remember the products they represent through the translation of trademarks. Therefore, trademark translation must be simple, easy to remember and vivid image.

4.3 Reflecting Commodity Information

The function of a trademark is to illustrate the performance of the commodity and reflect the characteristics of the commodity. A trademark is also a concise advertisement. A commodity wants to open sale, besides the quality is good, the variety is opposite the road, the price is reasonable, very important one is the translation of the trademark. By trademark, people can have the most basic understanding of the commodity, as far as possible to the purpose of pre-sale. Therefore, the translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the commodity from one aspect of the commodity, leaving a deep impression on the consumers. The translation must conform to the nature of the product and reflect its accurate positioning in the original text. For example: the world famous toothpaste brand Crest has the meaning of “Top, Peak point, Helmet” and so on, which makes people think of the “hard and hard surface protection”. If it can protect the teeth like a helmet, who can say no? Today, P&G products are almost everywhere in the world, and the “Safeguard” is particularly profound. The word is composed of “safe + guard”, safe means “safe, safe, reliable” and “guard” means “protection” two words together, became a “security”. This can make people think that the product is safe and does not stimulate the skin and can also play a role in skin care. The translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the product and impress the consumers. Such as: the name “Benz” of Germany comes from the name of “KarlBenz”. In Taiwan, it was translated as “朋馳” and also translated as “本茨”. Although these translations are similar to the original name, the literal meaning does not reflect the performance of the goods, or it can be said to have no meaning. Now, "Benz" is translated as “Benz”, which is similar to the original name, which can also be thought of in the literal meaning of the translated name to the excellent performance of the car. Again such as “Nike” and “original intention”, the Greek goddess of victory, “娜姬”, “Nike” to the original feeling of propaganda object may be like a beautiful and victory, and the feeling of “Nike” to the Chinese tend to be more abrasion resistance, more in line with the consumer psychology of the Chinese . Excellent trademarks try to reflect the characteristics and advantages of commodities to cater to consumers' purchasing psychology. These logos are full of allegorical or inspiring people's rich associations to create an irresistible feeling.

The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. Trademark language has several characteristics，F(xiàn)irst, the trademark language to have independence, only has the independent trademark to give the consumer the visual impact and the appeal, thus achieves the recognition and the approval goal. In other words, there could be no other identical trademarks. Second, the trademark language should be symbolic, trademark logo must have a high cohesion and profound implication. This requires businesses in the development of trademarks to the corporate culture, entrepreneurial spirit and the characteristics of enterprise products in the brand. Third, the trademark language should also be descriptive, refers to the trademark language generally implies the quality of goods, indicating its characteristics and performance. Four, the trademark language should also have the imagination characteristic, this can give the consumer an imaginary space, lets the consumer feel that uses this kind of product to have the unexpected effect. Five, use foreign words to do trademark language, according to their own cultural patterns, new things to be reconstructed.

文化英語論文范文第2篇

（一）激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習興趣

興趣是學(xué)習最有利的動機。有一部分學(xué)生對英語學(xué)習不感興趣，產(chǎn)生排斥心理，尤其是在農(nóng)村。農(nóng)村信息技術(shù)不發(fā)達，學(xué)生很難接觸到城市學(xué)生很容易接觸到的那些英語節(jié)目、英語電影、英語動畫片之類的信息。這讓學(xué)生很難感受到兩種文化之間的差異。而事實證明，幾乎所有的學(xué)生，包括對英語不感興趣的學(xué)生，都會表現(xiàn)出對跨文化知識的濃厚興趣。例如，從跨文化的角度給學(xué)生解釋“為什么英語中會有Youarealuckydog.Heworkedlikeadog.而漢語中‘狗’一詞一般用于貶義”，學(xué)生就非常感興趣，且容易理解和接受。因此，如果教師能在農(nóng)村英語課堂教學(xué)中，融入大量跨文化知識，必然會激發(fā)絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)對英語學(xué)習的興趣，從而提高英語學(xué)習效率。

（二）增強學(xué)生對語言知識的理解

在初中階段，有很多語言使用規(guī)則，學(xué)生不易理解。農(nóng)村學(xué)生更傾向于將語法規(guī)則看做是語言運算公式，只會套用，出現(xiàn)例外就無法接受。而對此，農(nóng)村英語教師常采用的方法就是讓學(xué)生去特殊記憶，不知道怎樣解釋。對于很多中式表達的不恰當和語用失誤的解釋更是難中之難。但是，如果充分利用跨文化交際知識加以解釋就會事半功倍，例如，從跨文化角度給學(xué)生解釋為什么與美國人打招呼時說：“Haveyouhadlunch？”是不合適的，學(xué)生則更容易理解。再如，英國人喜歡談?wù)撎鞖猓敲磳W(xué)生可能就覺得與英國人見面打招呼就應(yīng)該說：“It’srainingtoday，isn’tit？”而實際上，英國人在談?wù)撎鞖鈺r，總是包含人們對天氣的評論。所以，打招呼時說“：It’srainingterri-blyhardtoday，isn’tit？”更為合適。這些例子，從語法的角度是無法解釋的。必須結(jié)合跨文化交際知識來解釋，才能增強學(xué)生對語言知識的理解，優(yōu)化課堂教學(xué)效果。

（三）為教學(xué)改革提供有效途徑

成功的教學(xué)改革必須從正確的教學(xué)目的出發(fā)。語言學(xué)習的最終目的就是交際。從跨文化傳遞和跨文化交際的角度，轉(zhuǎn)變農(nóng)村英語教師的教學(xué)理念，讓農(nóng)村英語教師明確語法教學(xué)雖然重要，但它也只是為實現(xiàn)成功的跨文化交際打基礎(chǔ)。只有以提高學(xué)生的跨文化交際能力為教學(xué)目標，才能在課堂教學(xué)中恰當?shù)匕才沤虒W(xué)活動，增加有趣的教學(xué)內(nèi)容，并以此激發(fā)學(xué)生對英語的學(xué)習興趣、開拓學(xué)生的視野，實現(xiàn)英語素質(zhì)教育。

二、農(nóng)村中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中跨文化交際功能的缺失

（一）課堂教學(xué)

現(xiàn)在的農(nóng)村英語教學(xué)在很大程度上，仍然受到傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)的影響，仍習慣將語法教學(xué)作為課堂教學(xué)的核心內(nèi)容，教師沒有把外語的教學(xué)，看做是一種跨文化的傳遞。從教學(xué)目標來看，記憶語法規(guī)則，記憶固定用法一直是課堂教學(xué)的重中之重；從講授方法來看，都是教師主講的傾倒式傳授，學(xué)生只能是記筆記和背誦；從課堂練習的形式來看，都是仿照課本內(nèi)容做固定模式的對話練習，沒有給學(xué)生充足的發(fā)揮空間，學(xué)生仍然是依靠記憶在對話，而不是考慮交際語境在對話，書面練習幾乎都是練習冊講解，完全沒有交際的訓(xùn)練。在這樣的教學(xué)必然導(dǎo)致學(xué)生只能將語言看做一系列的符號，不能將學(xué)到的語言與交際聯(lián)系起來。課堂的對話教學(xué)內(nèi)容都是離學(xué)生生活較遠的，呆板的，學(xué)生只會做對話，但不會交際。在現(xiàn)實中，雖然學(xué)過幾年英語，但學(xué)生該說英語的時候卻還是不知道說什么。學(xué)生背誦的課文只像背臺詞，這樣的教學(xué)完全沒有體現(xiàn)英語教學(xué)的跨文化交際功能，學(xué)生很難在課堂上學(xué)習到有關(guān)英美文化的知識和跨文化知識，這種教學(xué)很容易讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生厭煩心理，不會激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習興趣，對于農(nóng)村學(xué)生來說，課堂幾乎是他們接觸英語的最佳場所。因此，充分利用課堂傳遞跨文化知識，訓(xùn)練跨文化交際能力是十分必要的。因此，教師在備課時，應(yīng)當搜集相關(guān)文化信息，融入課堂講解。拋棄逐字逐句翻譯的講課模式，給學(xué)生呈現(xiàn)語境教學(xué)和啟發(fā)式交際教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生在真實的語境中學(xué)習語言的使用。教師通過啟發(fā)提問的方式，讓學(xué)生思考對話中的角色在該語境下應(yīng)當說什么，應(yīng)當怎樣交際，這樣的交際與中國文化中的交際有什么區(qū)別。這樣學(xué)生學(xué)習的是如何利用所學(xué)的語言進行交際，而不是站在語境之外觀看語言文字的使用規(guī)則。

（二）課后作業(yè)

農(nóng)村中學(xué)英語作業(yè)基本上是背單詞、課文和做練習冊，沒有給學(xué)生提供練習語言的機會，學(xué)習語言的目的就是交際，所以練習語言的最佳方式必然也是模擬交際，而實現(xiàn)成功的跨文化交際一定需要跨文化知識的積累。因此，英語課的作業(yè)，不應(yīng)當只局限于死記硬背的記憶和類似文字游戲的語法練習冊。應(yīng)當采取措施，讓學(xué)生在課后練習語言的交際和對跨文化交際知識的自主學(xué)習與積累。雖然農(nóng)村學(xué)生的學(xué)習資料較城市學(xué)生少，但學(xué)生可以組成學(xué)習小組，教師向?qū)W生提供一些參考資料，安排幾個學(xué)生一起完成一個選題的口語練習，并在課堂上進行展示，教師給予點評，這樣的開放式作業(yè)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)英語教學(xué)的跨文化交際功能，讓學(xué)生感受到語言的魅力，體會到文化的差異，體驗到語言的實用性。這對農(nóng)村的中學(xué)和英語教師提出了更高的要求，學(xué)校應(yīng)當盡量為教師提供讀書、上網(wǎng)、交流及培訓(xùn)的條件和機會，教師也應(yīng)當積極主動地鉆研如何將英語課堂的跨文化交際功能不斷提升。

（三）考核方式

從農(nóng)村中學(xué)英語的考核方式來看，題目過多地關(guān)注了語法規(guī)則的考查，對文化和交際的考查幾乎沒有，英語的考核方式?jīng)Q定了學(xué)生學(xué)習的目標，沒有安排在考核范圍內(nèi)的知識，學(xué)生不會重視。因此，提高農(nóng)村中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的跨文化交際功能，必須將跨文化交際能力列為考核內(nèi)容之一，這樣教師才會重視，學(xué)生才會重視。對跨文化交際能力的考核可以有多種形式，如口語考試和書面考試，在口語考試中，可以設(shè)定若干選題，由學(xué)生抽簽選擇。讓學(xué)生在某設(shè)定語境下分別進行與教師會話和學(xué)生之間自編對話，以考查學(xué)生的跨文化交際是否順利。與教師對話考查學(xué)生的隨機交際能力，學(xué)生之間的自編對話考查學(xué)生對該語境的理解及在該語境下語言的使用，在書面考試中，可以給出不完整的對話讓學(xué)生在多個選項中選擇最恰當?shù)恼Z句填空，也可以給出交際對話，讓學(xué)改錯或加以評論等。在考試中增加這類考查內(nèi)容，一定會提高學(xué)生對語言跨文化交際的重視，更正學(xué)習英語的目的，改進學(xué)習英語的方法。

三、農(nóng)村中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的改革方向

教學(xué)改革必定是從教師做起。無論是教學(xué)目標的轉(zhuǎn)變，還是教學(xué)內(nèi)容的調(diào)整，亦或是教學(xué)方法的改進，都對農(nóng)村英語教師提出了更高的要求和挑戰(zhàn)，提高農(nóng)村英語教學(xué)的跨文化交際功能，必須先提高教師的跨文化交際能力。

（一）培養(yǎng)教師的跨文化交際意識

教師的跨文化交際意識是實現(xiàn)英語教學(xué)跨文化交際功能的前提。只有教師具有跨文化交際意識，具有文化敏感性，才能在教學(xué)中準確把握文化信息，捕捉文化差異，合理設(shè)置交際語境和場景，讓學(xué)生得到很好的鍛煉。

（二）豐富教師的跨文化知識

教師的跨文化知識的儲備是課堂跨文化知識講解的基礎(chǔ)保障。因此，農(nóng)村中學(xué)應(yīng)當盡力解決教學(xué)資源缺乏的重大問題，創(chuàng)造條件讓教師有充足的資料可以查閱。作為英語教師，跨文化知識的積累是無條件的。教師自身應(yīng)當積極擴展自己的知識儲備，如定期到市區(qū)的書店購買圖書，經(jīng)常利用手機、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)學(xué)習英語文化知識等。多看英文原聲電影也是一種非常好的學(xué)習方式，英文電影體現(xiàn)英語國家社會生活的各個方面，教師在看英文電影時，只有時刻保持著對異文化的敏感，才能夠及時抓住文化差異的訊息。要不斷地針對捕捉到的文化差異進行搜集、查閱相關(guān)資料，并對其進行解釋和理解。經(jīng)過長期的積累，會有非常大的收獲。跨文化知識儲備越多，對英語教材中出現(xiàn)的跨文化信號越敏感，越能充分利用教材內(nèi)容發(fā)揮英語教學(xué)的跨文化交際功能，提高學(xué)生的跨文化交際能力。

（三）提高教師的跨文化交際能力

提高教師的跨文化交際能力是提高學(xué)生跨文化交際能力的重要保障。只有教師具有較強的跨文化交際能力，才能準確把握和發(fā)揮實現(xiàn)英語課堂跨文化交際功能的方法和策略，并不斷針對教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀作出相應(yīng)調(diào)整。提高教師的跨文化交際能力也有助于教師抓住教材中的跨文化信息，教師能夠準確掌握何時應(yīng)當展開，何時可以安排學(xué)生活動以及怎樣安排學(xué)生活動。教師的熏陶對學(xué)生也是非常重要的，通過教師對異國語言的差異與美的展現(xiàn)，會激發(fā)學(xué)生濃厚的學(xué)習興趣。對于農(nóng)村英語教師來說，應(yīng)當多找機會參加提高跨文化交際能力的培訓(xùn)，多與城市中學(xué)英語教師以及外教交流。多讀書、多看英語電影、英語節(jié)目，為自己提供更多的接觸英語的機會，從電影中、文藝作品中體會不同的文化、體會語言的使用。多參加英語角活動，為自己創(chuàng)造更多的運用英語口語的機會，提高口語表達能力和跨文化交際能力。

四、結(jié)語

文化英語論文范文第3篇

關(guān)鍵詞：跨文化 元話語 農(nóng)科學(xué)術(shù)論文

一、引言

結(jié)論部分是對整個研究做出總結(jié)與評價，并在前文基礎(chǔ)上進行演繹推論，包括指出研究的重要性與局限、對未來的研究給出建議（Yang&Alison，2003）。因此，結(jié)論部分在學(xué)術(shù)寫作研究中占有重要的地位，這也就要求作者要慎重考慮語言的選擇問題，才能做到簡潔有力地收尾。

元話語的概念最早由美國學(xué)者Harris（1959）提出，此后，不同的學(xué)者對它有不同的定義。其中，Hyland和Tse（2004）認為，對元話語的理解有狹義和廣義之分，狹義的觀點強調(diào)元話語的組織篇章的功能；廣義的觀點是，元話語體現(xiàn)了作者在篇章中所表現(xiàn)出來的運用語言和修辭的方法，以及把話語組織和話語含義結(jié)合起來的方法。

在元話語的分類上，前人從詞語、標點、視覺等不同視角出發(fā)對其進行分類。Hyland將元話語分成兩大類十小類，兩大類分別是文本交際型元話語（interactive metadiscourse）和文本互動性元話語（interactional metadiscourse），前者發(fā)揮語篇銜接功能，后者則幫助作者建立起與讀者的良性互動關(guān)系。基于更細微的功能差別，文本交際型元話語又可分為：過渡標記（transitions）、框架標記（frame markers）、內(nèi)指標記（endophoric markers）、證源標記（evidentials）和解釋標記（code glosses）；人際互動型元話語可分為：模糊限制語（hedges）、強調(diào)詞語（boosters）、態(tài)度標記（attitude markers）、自我提及（self mentions）和參與標記（engagement markers）。

近些年的研究顯示，元話語研究領(lǐng)域更加寬泛，研究內(nèi)容日益深化，研究對象也愈加精細化（付曉麗、徐赳赳，2012），而跨文化的元話語研究便是其中的一大趨勢。從跨文化的視角來看，國際上具有代表性的元話語研究主要聚焦于英語論文的對比分析：Abdollahzadeh（2011）探討了英美作者和伊朗作者所寫的英語論文中的元話語使用差異，結(jié)果顯示，差異主要體現(xiàn)在互動元話語上；Perez-Llantala（2010）在研究中采集了三方語料，即1/3由北美作者撰寫的英語論文、1/3由西班牙學(xué)者寫的英語論文及1/3由西班牙學(xué)者撰寫的西班牙論文，綜合考量了跨文化和跨語言因素對元話語使用的影。國內(nèi)跨文化視角下的元話語研究不及國外豐富。鞠玉梅（2013）對比分析了英漢學(xué)術(shù)論文，發(fā)現(xiàn)漢語論文元話語使用少于英語論文；徐江、鄭莉、張海明（2014）以中國大陸學(xué)者和英語本族語學(xué)者發(fā)表在國際權(quán)威期刊上的英語論文為語料，集中討論模糊限制語，研究顯示前者對模糊限制語的使用比例略高于后者。無論國外還是國內(nèi)，跨語言視角下的研究都更為豐富（Peterlin，2008、2010；Abdi，2009；鞠玉梅，2013），相比之下，跨文化視角下的元話語研究還存在較大的研究空間。本研究從跨文化角度出發(fā)，研究英漢學(xué)者所撰寫的英語論文中元話語使用的異同，以期豐富這一視角下的元話語研究。

在研究領(lǐng)域上，國內(nèi)外的元話語研究涉及的學(xué)科都較為廣泛。Hyland（2001）對機械工程、物理、哲學(xué)、社會學(xué)等八個學(xué)科學(xué)術(shù)語篇中的元話語進行了研究。M.Milagros del Saz Rubio將Hyland的元話語與Swales的CARS模型相結(jié)合，研究了農(nóng)科科研論文引言部分的元話語。國內(nèi)學(xué)者對元話語的研究主要集中在文科，如鞠玉梅（2013）所選取的語料來自于《外國語》等語言研究期刊，而近年來隨著傳媒的發(fā)展、元話語研究領(lǐng)域的拓寬，新聞中的元話語逐漸得到重視（穆從軍，2010；黃勤、熊瑤，2012）。可以看出，國外的元話語研究雖然涉及的學(xué)科較為廣泛，但針對農(nóng)科的研究并不多，國內(nèi)的元話語研究在農(nóng)科方面幾乎是一片空白。本研究的語料來源為農(nóng)科科研論文，在一定程度上拓展了學(xué)術(shù)論文元話語的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。

從數(shù)據(jù)的容量來看，國內(nèi)外元話語研究樣本數(shù)量小。例如Ting Li&Sue Wharton（2012）的研究選取了80篇中國學(xué)生所寫的英語文章，從跨語境、跨學(xué)科的視角出發(fā)研究了元話語的使用情況；周岐軍選取了60篇學(xué)術(shù)論文，對比了文理科學(xué)術(shù)摘要中元話語使用的異同。不同于小樣本的研究，本研究依托大數(shù)據(jù)，組建的語料庫由286篇學(xué)術(shù)論文組成，在一定意義上減少了偶然性結(jié)果出現(xiàn)的可能。在研究方法上，McEnery&Wilson（1996）曾指出傳統(tǒng)意義上以數(shù)據(jù)庫為基礎(chǔ)的定量研究過于依賴計算機而忽略了具體語境對研究結(jié)果的影響，因而，本研究將定量與定性的研究方法結(jié)合起來，既借用大數(shù)據(jù)的優(yōu)勢，又通過人工判斷減少誤差。

無論是從研究視角、學(xué)科還是研究方法上，國內(nèi)外對元話語的研究都趨于成熟，朝著精細化的方向發(fā)展。另一方面，由于我國學(xué)者對學(xué)術(shù)語篇元話語的研究起步較晚，近年來雖取得了一定成果，但相較于國外，無論是跨學(xué)科還是跨文化視角，這一領(lǐng)域的研究都值得不斷拓寬、不斷深入。本研究從跨文化視角出發(fā)，探究英漢學(xué)者在動物科學(xué)、植物科學(xué)、水產(chǎn)科學(xué)和園藝林學(xué)這四個農(nóng)科學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)論文結(jié)論部分的元話語使用異同，并嘗試在教學(xué)層面為中國學(xué)者提出一定建議，幫助其提高英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作能力。

二、語料和研究方法

本研究以華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)語料庫HZAU CQPweb為語料來源，選取動物科學(xué)、植物科學(xué)、水產(chǎn)科學(xué)、園藝林學(xué)四個子庫中的結(jié)論部分，組成農(nóng)科英語科研論文的結(jié)論部分。其中又分為兩個庫：專家?guī)旌蛯W(xué)習者庫。專家?guī)焓珍浻⒄Z母語者發(fā)表的期刊論文，共40835詞；學(xué)習者庫收錄中國農(nóng)科專業(yè)的碩士生、博士生撰寫的英語學(xué)術(shù)論文，共17418詞。

本研究根據(jù)Hyland（2005：218-224）給出的元話語列表分別對專家?guī)旌蛯W(xué)習者庫進行檢索，統(tǒng)計出十類元話語的使用頻次，在此基礎(chǔ)上進行對出現(xiàn)次數(shù)的統(tǒng)計，判斷英漢學(xué)者是否具有顯著性差異，并統(tǒng)計出十類元話語中高頻詞的使用情況，從跨文化角度解釋造成差異的原因。

三、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果與討論

（一）專家?guī)旌蛯W(xué)習者庫在英語學(xué)術(shù)論文結(jié)論部分文本交互型元話語的使用情況

2.黑體字代表差異顯著

3.“+”代表英語學(xué)者比中國學(xué)者使用得多，“-”代表英語學(xué)者比中國學(xué)者用得少

如表1所示，專家?guī)熘惺褂梦谋窘换バ驮捳Z的比重是32%，人際互動型的比重是68%，而學(xué)習者庫中使用文本交互型元話語的比重是39%，人際互動型的比重是61%。在文本交互型元話語中，英語學(xué)者比中國學(xué)者用得多且差異顯著（sig=0.000-），其差異主要是在于框架標記、過渡標記、內(nèi)指標記和證源標記。

1.過渡標記

根據(jù)語料庫檢索結(jié)果，中國學(xué)者比英語國家的學(xué)者在論文結(jié)論部分使用了更多的過渡標記（sig=0.002-），差異顯著。過渡標記是表達句與句之間的各種連接關(guān)系，如添加、因果、比較、對照等，是一種基于語篇內(nèi)部的元話語，幫助讀者理解觀點之間的連接。（鞠玉梅，2013）

在過渡標記的高頻詞中，英漢學(xué)者的前五類高頻詞基本一致，都是“and，also，but，however，further”，只是具體的排序有所差別。從各高頻詞的每萬詞的頻率來看，中國學(xué)者使用的頻率都更高。

2.框架標記

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國學(xué)者比英語學(xué)者在論文結(jié)論部分使用了更多的框架標記（sig=0.000-），差異極其顯著。這一結(jié)果和過渡標記的結(jié)果一致，這兩類元話語都屬于組織篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的顯性銜接手段。在英語寫作教學(xué)中，教師長期以來對它們的強調(diào)可能造成中國英語學(xué)習者過度使用這類顯性的銜接手段，即過渡標記和框架標記，因而往往忽略了隱形的銜接手段，如使用同義詞、上下義詞、替代、重復(fù)等手段來組織語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)。這一研究結(jié)果應(yīng)當引起英語教學(xué)者和學(xué)習者的注意。

框架標記又分為四個小類：順序標記（first，finally，then）、階段標記（in conclusion，in summary，overall）、目的標記（focus，objective，purpose）和話題轉(zhuǎn)移（well，return to，with regard to）。具體的使用情況如表2，階段標記是造成差異顯著的主要原因，故而只分析階段標記的使用情況。從階段標記的高頻詞來看，中國學(xué)者傾向于并集中使用“In conclusion”（中：17.80>英：3.67）和“In summary”（中：8.61>英：1.71），這也表明了中國學(xué)者在學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作過程中還可以使用一些其他的階段標記，如“overall，in brief，all in all，to sum up”，增加用詞的豐富性。

3.內(nèi)指標記

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，英語學(xué)者比中國學(xué)者使用更多的內(nèi)指標記，且差異顯著（sig=0.048+）。內(nèi)指標記用于標示語篇中的某個成分跟其他部分之間的一種相互照應(yīng)的關(guān)系（鞠玉梅，2013）。具體來看，專家?guī)炫c學(xué)習者庫前4個高頻詞都是“Fig，F(xiàn)igure，table，above”，說明在用詞類型上，英漢學(xué)者比較相似。但是，專家?guī)熘械拿恳活惛哳l詞的每萬詞頻率均高于學(xué)習者庫中的數(shù)值，這表明在每類詞的數(shù)量上，中國學(xué)者使用較少。因此，在英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作中中國學(xué)者應(yīng)適當增加內(nèi)指標記的使用數(shù)量，提高用詞多樣性，但應(yīng)避免過度使用。

4.證源標記

數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果顯示，專家?guī)旌蛯W(xué)習者庫中證源標記的使用差異顯著（sig=0.019），英語學(xué)者使用更頻繁。證源標記是指標示其他淵源的觀點，即來自其他語篇的信息，主要功能在于引導(dǎo)讀者理解并且建立作者對信息的控制。在學(xué)術(shù)語篇中，主要是指來自同類其他文獻的資料，可用于支持作者的論證（鞠玉梅，2013）。由于在結(jié)論部分主要是闡明自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)與總結(jié)，所以在兩個庫中，證源標記使用均較少，專家?guī)熘谐霈F(xiàn)次數(shù)為53，學(xué)習者庫中為11。并且，在專家?guī)熘校^大部分證源標記以（姓名，日期）的形式出現(xiàn)，如“Videos from the detector were recorded at a speed of 17 frames/s as previously described（Bai et al.，2013）”，即在觀點或論點后標明出處。除此之外，“according to”“quote”和“said”數(shù)量極少。而在學(xué)習者庫中，“according to”出現(xiàn)10次，（姓名，日期）形式僅為1次。相較于英語學(xué)者，中國學(xué)者證源標記使用數(shù)量少可能會有以下兩個原因：第一，我們推測學(xué)習者在結(jié)論部分引用較少。第二，學(xué)習者有一定數(shù)量的引用，但由于z漏或者欠缺必要的學(xué)術(shù)論文規(guī)范的知識而沒有將應(yīng)該標記出來的地方標出來。故建議中國學(xué)者在進行英文學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作時要注意論文格式與規(guī)范，避免一些不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)的錯誤，提高英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作質(zhì)量。

（二）專家?guī)旌蛯W(xué)習者庫在英語學(xué)術(shù)論文結(jié)論部分人際互動型元話語的使用情況

如表1所示，在人際互動型元話語這一大類中，英語學(xué)者比中國學(xué)者用得多且差異顯著（sig=0.002+），這一差異主要體現(xiàn)在模糊限制語和參與標記（兩者的sig值均小于0.05）上。中國學(xué)者對模糊限制語和參與標記的使用量不及英語學(xué)者。這說明中國學(xué)者在農(nóng)科科研論文寫作中對人際互動型元話語使用不夠恰當，缺乏與讀者互動的意識。

1.模糊限制語

根據(jù)語料庫搜索結(jié)果，英語學(xué)者比中國學(xué)者在論文結(jié)論部分用了更多的模糊限制語（sig=0.006+），差異顯著。在模糊限制語的使用數(shù)量上，本族語學(xué)者除論文結(jié)論部分使用的模糊限制語總體比例高于大陸學(xué)者外，其余各部分使用總體數(shù)量均低于中國大陸學(xué)者（徐江、鄭莉、張海明，2014）。科研論文中，結(jié)論部分發(fā)揮著重要作用，作者通常需在前文所述的研究數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上在此部分提出新的命題，而根據(jù)Hyland的觀點，模糊限制語可將一些具有爭議性的命題限制在一定范圍內(nèi)，從而使論文作者為自己以及其他持不同觀點者保留余地。可以看出，中國學(xué)者在動物科學(xué)等農(nóng)科的論文寫作中未能充分利用模糊限制語降低話語肯定程度，保護自己的觀點。因而，為提高農(nóng)科科研影響力，中國學(xué)者需在論文中恰當使用更多的模糊限制語。

英語學(xué)者與中國學(xué)者在高頻詞的使用上的差別不大，都用到了“may”“could”“would”“might”，但有所差別的是各自的使用比例，如在學(xué)習者高頻詞列表中，“could”在每萬詞中的數(shù)量為2526.12，是專家列表中相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)的兩倍多，這表明中國學(xué)者存在過度使用“could”的趨勢。雖然同為模糊限制語，且這前五位多為情態(tài)動詞，但這些詞實則在使用上有著細微差別。以“might”為例，Hyland和Milton（1997）就曾認為，用“might”表達可能性似乎太弱而無法表達說服意圖，從而使作者顯得“模棱兩可、缺乏自信或者幼稚可笑”。而根據(jù)上表，中國學(xué)者有過度使用“might”的傾向（861.18/每萬詞>759.15/每萬詞）。因此，我們可以得出結(jié)論：中國學(xué)者在對模糊限制語尤其是情態(tài)動詞的使用上不夠精準。這可能是因為中學(xué)是我國學(xué)生集中學(xué)習情態(tài)動詞的主要階段，大學(xué)基本不再涉及，然而中學(xué)英語教學(xué)由于教材等原因往往只是有選擇性地對情態(tài)動詞的用法進行講解（程曉堂、裘晶，2007），加上情態(tài)動詞的使用較為復(fù)雜，中國學(xué)者在后期英語論文寫作中便容易誤用。

2.參與標記

總體而言，專家?guī)熘械拿咳f詞頻率高于學(xué)習者庫，且差異顯著（sig=0.000）。參與標記用于明顯地建立與讀者的關(guān)系，用于直接地與讀者交流，目的在于聚焦讀者的注意力或者將他們視作語篇的參與者，與讀者建立某種直接的關(guān)系（鞠玉梅，2013）。這說明在結(jié)論部分，英語學(xué)者更加注重讀者的參與，引導(dǎo)讀者去思考，將其看作整個研究的一部分，拉近與讀者之間的距離，以便其更能接受自己的觀點。從高頻詞（如“use，develop，increase”）來看，英漢學(xué)者都更傾向于使用動詞。

四、結(jié)語

本文探討了英漢學(xué)者在元話語上的差異，原因如下。教學(xué)過程中，對過渡標記，框架標記等極其顯性的連接手段的過分強調(diào)可能導(dǎo)致中國學(xué)者比以英語學(xué)者更頻繁使用這兩種元話語。在語篇內(nèi)部的連接上，中國學(xué)者可能較為缺乏以此引導(dǎo)讀者閱讀的意識，以及正確引用他人研究成果的方式，因此造成對內(nèi)指標記和框架標記的使用不足。對自身研究成果過于自信，缺乏嚴謹性會導(dǎo)致模糊限制語使用較少。對讀者的忽視會導(dǎo)致參與標記的使用不足。

因此，在平時的教學(xué)中，教師應(yīng)當引導(dǎo)學(xué)生明確各元話語的作用，避免對某幾類元話語的過分強調(diào)而忽視其他元話語。中國學(xué)者也應(yīng)盡量多閱讀規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文，學(xué)習規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作模式。在學(xué)術(shù)研究態(tài)度上，要盡量嚴謹，避免絕對，學(xué)會為自身研究成果保留進一步探索的空間。此外，應(yīng)充分考慮讀者，讓讀者參與其中，畢竟這關(guān)系到自己的研究能否為人所理解。

本文是華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)2016年大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新基金（SRF）項目[項目編號：2016313]。

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文化英語論文范文第4篇

1.教師應(yīng)提升自身文化素養(yǎng)，重視傳統(tǒng)文化

教師作為學(xué)生英語學(xué)習的引導(dǎo)者，無論是對中國傳統(tǒng)文化亦或是外國文化都應(yīng)該有透徹的理解和感悟，自身對文化的學(xué)習不應(yīng)固步自封而應(yīng)與時俱進。試想一個英語教師對英語國家文化背景一知半解，怎能正確有效地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行英語學(xué)習呢？擁有一個文化素質(zhì)高的教師是學(xué)生文化意識培養(yǎng)的前提。另外，充分重視中國傳統(tǒng)文化是一個優(yōu)秀教師不可推卸的責任。學(xué)習英語的最終目的是實現(xiàn)與外國人的交流與合作，而在交流的同時，傳遞和發(fā)揚中國優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)文化，讓世界了解中國，使中國文化登上世界舞臺是每個中國人的夢想和驕傲。在英語教育中培養(yǎng)外國文化意識固然重要，但中華文化意識的培養(yǎng)也是了解和學(xué)習外國文化的基礎(chǔ)，高舉弘揚中國文化旗幟，努力學(xué)習外國文化將二者巧妙融合才是英語學(xué)習的根本。

2.在課堂中重視文化滲透，對比中英文化差異

在課堂中適當進行文化滲透有利于學(xué)生在了解課文文化內(nèi)涵和所涉及文化背景的前提下，更加立體直觀的理解課文內(nèi)容，加深印象。具體方法是：先通過教材講解，介紹背景知識，然后在適當環(huán)節(jié)(講解詞匯或某一內(nèi)容時)，結(jié)合背景，講解相應(yīng)的文化內(nèi)涵，眾所周知，近年來，英語課文中出現(xiàn)許多生詞，這些生僻詞匯的出現(xiàn)于時代進步與文化發(fā)展緊密相連。另外，在課堂中，教師要注意引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對中英文化的差異性做出對比與判別，加深文化學(xué)習。例如，“WhatamIgonnado？”英文中的后半句“gonnado”是“goingtodo”的意思，但是為了表達的簡單和明了，被完全口語化后就出現(xiàn)了這種情況。但是此種現(xiàn)象在中國教材中是不存在的。因此，在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生外國文化意識的同時，要注重對比中英文化的巨大差異，在差異中尋求學(xué)習和記憶英語知識的最佳途徑，只有對中國文化背景和英語文化背景全面了解，文化意識的培養(yǎng)才能水到渠成。

3.創(chuàng)設(shè)文化交流氛圍，發(fā)展多元化的視聽教育

英語的學(xué)習不能僅僅局限于書面知識的獲取，要重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生聽說讀寫全面發(fā)展的能力，最重要的是與人交流的能力。教師應(yīng)創(chuàng)設(shè)適宜的文化交流氛圍，發(fā)展多元化的視聽教育，滿足學(xué)生與人交流的欲望。交流的最佳方式是面對面，因此，教師應(yīng)該組織和鼓勵學(xué)生于外國人進行交流。只有同外國人交談才能實現(xiàn)中英文化的交流和碰撞，在交流中學(xué)生可順利了解他國文化內(nèi)涵和文化背景，逐漸培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化意識。另外，通過多媒體教學(xué)組織學(xué)生觀看正宗的美國影視，聽純正的英文歌曲也是培養(yǎng)文化意識的重要手段。通過口語和視聽的雙重影響，學(xué)生對外國人的民族文化、生活習俗、價值表達，歷史發(fā)展等有了全面透徹的了解，更有效彌補課本知識的欠缺。以這種途徑可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生深刻的文化意識，促使學(xué)生在以后的英語學(xué)習中游刃有余，揮灑自如。

二、結(jié)語

文化英語論文范文第5篇

1.提升大學(xué)生跨文化交際能力的需要

英語教學(xué)的主要目的就是提升大學(xué)生的跨文化交際能力，隨著我國與世界經(jīng)貿(mào)往來日趨頻繁，跨文化交際人才的需求不斷攀升。文化屬于英語學(xué)習的重要組成部分，中西方之間在文化體系方面存在很大的差距，通過全面了解中西方文化，把握好二者之間的內(nèi)在沖突，可以有助于學(xué)生規(guī)避因為知識不足出現(xiàn)的溝通歧義，如國內(nèi)文化中問到個人收入，很多時候更多的代表關(guān)心，而西方文化中則代表了對別人隱私的一種打探，如果在英語教學(xué)中引入文化知識，讓學(xué)生認識中西文化不同，就可以避免此類溝通不暢。

2.激發(fā)大學(xué)生英語學(xué)習興趣的需要

目前大學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習方面普遍存在興趣不高的問題，學(xué)習內(nèi)容多是枯燥的語言知識，詞匯以及語法點大都成為英語課堂的主要學(xué)習內(nèi)容，英語學(xué)習成為一種應(yīng)付四六級考試的行為。文化知識是激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣的重要手段，英語教學(xué)中如果引入文化知識，在充分了解西方文化的同時，認識到中西方文化的不同，可以更好地提升學(xué)生英語學(xué)習興趣，畢竟語言基礎(chǔ)知識本身是沒有生命力的，而文化憑借自身的魅力以及活力會激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習興趣。讓學(xué)生遨游知識海洋，提升其文化敏感性，從而使英語學(xué)習變成一種自覺行為。

3.幫助大學(xué)生樹立正確人生觀的需要

大學(xué)生是我國跨文化交際的主力軍，是社會主義建設(shè)的重要力量，隨著全球化進程的加快，我國大學(xué)生在價值觀層面這些年受到了西方文化的沖擊，對其人生觀、價值觀產(chǎn)生了一些不良影響。大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中如果能夠增加中西文化的對比學(xué)習，充分吸收西方文化的精華部分，利用中國傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)秀文化來對抗其不良部分，這對于我國的文化安全意義重大。通過中西優(yōu)秀文化的熏陶，來讓大學(xué)生牢固樹立社會主義核心價值觀，成為社會主義合格接班人。

二、大學(xué)生英語教學(xué)中不同文化融合策略

1.加強西方文化批判的借鑒

大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中教師要樹立正確的文化交流觀念，認識到介紹西方文化的必要性，在英語傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)聽說讀寫譯的基礎(chǔ)之上，加大英語國家文化介紹。考慮到西方文化對于英語教學(xué)以及學(xué)生跨文化交際能力的影響，加強西方文化介紹是大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的重要一環(huán)。在西方文化介紹中要遵循批判的借鑒這一理念，西方文化有值得學(xué)習借鑒的內(nèi)容，也有糟粕需要拋棄的內(nèi)容，對于西方優(yōu)秀的文化要注意引進發(fā)揚，對于西方國家文化中的糟粕要注意摒棄。當前的西方不良文化思潮對于我國大學(xué)生的消極影響很多，針對這種現(xiàn)象高校英語課堂要充分發(fā)揮自身的作用，讓大學(xué)生正確認識到西方文化的利與弊，這樣既加強了其跨文化交際能力，同時又隔離了不良文化的影響。

2.加強中國文化的影響滲透

文化是構(gòu)成國家軟實力的重要組成部分，我國要在英語課堂上弘揚優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，增強大學(xué)生對于中國文化的認同感以及自豪感，從而確保核心價值觀念不被西方不良文化侵蝕。從目前的英語教學(xué)來看，中國文化被忽視是一個不爭的事實，長此以往，中國傳統(tǒng)文化的影響力必然遭受到削弱，不利于我國文化軟實力的提升。因此，在英語課堂上，在西方文化介紹中，要注意中國文化滲透，注意將中國傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)秀文化加以發(fā)揚光大，讓學(xué)生在中西方文化的對比中感受到中國文化優(yōu)越之處，從而增強愛國熱情。英語教學(xué)中中國文化的影響滲透一方面需要增加介紹中國文化的文章，讓學(xué)生充分了解民族傳統(tǒng)文化，另一方面要注意強化引導(dǎo)，讓學(xué)生熱愛本民族文化，彌補學(xué)生中國文化掌握不足的缺憾，改變當前中西方文化交流中，中國文化處于弱勢地位的尷尬現(xiàn)實。

3.培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生平等文化觀念

從大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中不同文化的碰撞情況來看，西方文化處于一個相對強勢的地位，而中國文化處于一個相對弱勢的地位，這種強弱失衡的情況，對于我國文化安全來說是一個巨大的威脅，而背后的根本原因就是因為大學(xué)生平等的文化觀念沒有樹立，對于西方文化有著盲目崇洋的心理，簡單舉例而言，這些年民族傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日在大學(xué)生群體中失勢，而西方文化節(jié)日大行其道，就是學(xué)生平等文化觀念喪失的一個折射。針對這種情況，培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生平等的文化觀念是改變中國文化處于弱勢地位的關(guān)鍵。教師要引導(dǎo)大學(xué)樹立平等文化觀念，既不對自己的文化進行貶低，又不對他人文化進行拔高，正確對待不同文化間的沖突以及差異。