前言:想要寫出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章嗎?我們特意為您整理了5篇飲茶文化范文,相信會為您的寫作帶來幫助,發現更多的寫作思路和靈感。
一、俄羅斯飲茶的歷史背景
俄羅斯在飲茶方面同中國有著深刻的歷史淵源,史書記載中,中國是最早制作茶的國家。當今在俄羅斯多數人都喜歡飲茶。最早關于茶葉傳入俄羅斯的記載是,1567年俄國哥薩克首領伊萬·彼得羅夫和布爾納什·亞雷切夫把中國的茶文化傳入俄國。“俄國真正了解中國茶葉是在1638-1640年”,(鄒麗娟,2008:12)當時中國西北地區的阿勒坦汗用茶來招待由瓦西里·斯達爾科夫和斯杰潘·涅維洛夫率領的俄國使團,并作為禮物贈與對方,這些茶葉被帶回莫斯科后,深受當時社會王公貴族的喜愛。在1679年,中俄兩國簽訂了俄國從中國進口茶葉的協定,因為當時交通所限,運輸茶葉的數量有限,所以只有上流社會人群才能品嘗到茶葉,平民很少有機會接觸到茶葉。到十九世紀末,俄國開始種植茶葉,但是茶葉的產量并不高,主要還是依靠從中國大量進口茶葉,茶的價格也隨之下降,這使得茶逐漸成為人們生活中一種重要的飲品,在生活中的很多領域出現與茶相關的文化。
二、羅斯飲茶的主要種類和方式
在俄羅斯,茶的種類主要包括紅茶(чёрный чай)、綠茶(зелённый чай)、檸檬茶(лимонный чай)、磚茶(кирпичный чай)、茉莉花茶(жасминный чай)等。
“Чёрный чай”就是我們所說的紅茶,在俄語中“чёрный”是“黑色的”,之所以使用чёрный這個詞,是因為紅茶在泡制的過程中,如果大量使用茶葉,茶水的顏色很深,有時甚至呈現出黑色。在俄羅斯,人們在泡制紅茶時,喜歡向其中加入糖、果醬、牛奶、水果等,在飲用時,喜歡吃一些甜點和面包。如今,隨著人們越來越追求健康飲食,俄羅斯人對綠茶的需求不斷增加,很多人更傾向于飲用綠茶。飲用磚茶最多的是布里亞特人,綠磚茶是他們日常生活中的主要飲品。磚茶通常制作成塊狀,在煮制時,將磚茶敲碎,放于茶炊中煮沸,有些人也會加入一些牛奶、糖等飲用。在俄羅斯飲茶不僅作為一種交際手段,更是生活的重要組成部分,“托爾斯泰曾說:Я должен былп пить много чая,изо без него не мог работать.Чай высвобождает те возможности,которые дремлют в глубине моей души.(我應該多喝茶,沒有它我就不能工作。茶使沉睡在我靈魂深處的能量得以釋放)”(唐芳,2010:27)由此可見,飲茶在俄羅斯人的生活中是非常重要的。
三、茶炊文化
茶炊(самовар)是俄羅斯茶文化的重要組成部分,俄羅斯有“А какой же чай без самовара!”(無茶炊怎能算飲茶?。┑恼f法。俄羅斯人非常喜愛茶炊,茶炊曾是俄羅斯皇室必不可少的器具,在民間很多家庭都擺放一或兩個茶炊。圖拉州是俄羅斯著名的茶炊生產地。19世紀初,圖拉市的茶炊制造業發展迅速,并逐漸成為茶炊的主要生產基地,在圖拉市有上百家生產茶炊的工廠,曾經皇室貴族使用的茶炊也在圖拉制造,所以在俄羅斯有句著名的諺語“В Туру со своим самоваром не ездят”(去圖拉不用帶自己的茶炊)。茶炊的材質通常為銅質,結構通常是中部為空心直筒狀,用來放置木炭等燃料,水環繞在直筒四周,茶炊的大小不一,形狀各異。有的工匠在茶炊表面繪畫各種精美圖案,外觀十分精美。
在俄羅斯,每逢親友相聚、逢年過節,有“пить чай за самоваром”(圍繞茶炊飲茶)的習俗,人們都會使用茶炊,一起飲茶。可是隨著社會的發展,傳統的茶炊逐漸被電茶炊取代。如今在俄羅斯,茶炊不僅是一種飲茶工具,同時具有很高的藝術價值,在一些地方甚至成為一種文化符號。
四、飲茶文化對俄羅斯民族語言的影響
通過飲茶,不僅促進了不同民族間的文化交流,同時也豐富了俄羅斯民族的語言。在俄語中出現了一些與茶有關的俗語,例如:Чай да сахар!чай и сахар!чай с сахаром?。ㄗDM興品茶?。┰诙碚Z中有時чай會出現轉義用法,例如:На чай!(給、收小費)。чай在句子中還可以作插入語,意思是“大概”、“看來”,例如“ты, чай, не придёшь?” (看來, 你是不會來的了?)。在俄語中還有很多與茶相關的諺語,例如:В городе чай – гостям угощение, в деревне – себе наслаждение. (在城市里—茶可以招待客人,在鄉村中—喝茶就是享受人生。)В хорошей посуде и чай вкуснее. (吃美食不如喝茶更美味。)Выпей чайку - забудешь тоску. (喝茶時會忘記寂寞。)За чаем не скучаем - по семь чашек выпиваем.(喝下七杯茶就會忘記煩惱。)Коль чаем угощают, значит уважают. (假如有人請喝茶,那就意味著尊重。)От чаю пьян не будешь. (喝茶的人不會成為酒鬼。)Пей чай, не вдавайся в печаль.(喝茶不會陷入憂愁之中。)Пей чай – удовольствие получай. (喝茶就會得到快樂。)Приходите к чаю - пирогами угощаю.(來喝茶吧,用準備好的餡餅招待你。)等。俄羅斯飲茶文化不僅是俄羅斯文化的組成部分,也豐富了俄羅斯的民族語言。
參考文獻:
[1]鄒麗娟,中俄茶文化比較研究[D],山東大學,2008.
《茶經》成書于780年,由唐代“茶圣”陸羽傾注數十年心血研究創作而成,是世界公認的真正意義上第一部茶學專著。《茶經》全書僅有七千余字,但是言簡意賅、結構緊湊,分十個章節全面敘述了栽茶、采茶、制茶、飲茶、產茶、錄茶、詠茶等豐富內容。作者陸羽把中華民族的五行陰陽辯證法、道家天人合一的理念、儒家的中和思想等濃縮于書中,為中國茶道奠定了堅實的基礎。同時,《茶經》的權威性被確立之后,其主題思想和書中許多文化術語及特殊表達等都被廣為傳頌,呈現出極高的同構取向度。繼陸羽的《茶經》之后,明朝屠隆的《茶說》、陳鑒的《虎丘茶經注補》,特別是清朝陸廷燦的《續茶經》等也都采用了《茶經》與目錄相似的同構異義組合。這樣,借助《茶經》中人們非常熟悉的十個章節,由于這些章節標題是人們耳熟能詳的,這些后續的茶著也會讓人過目不忘,有助于極大提高目標讀者的關注指數和記憶價值。它們與陸羽的原創《茶經》之間母文本和擬文本的密切關系:中國茶典籍的微觀互文清晰地表現在對于陸羽《茶經》的復制、仿擬和引用上。其中最明顯的是《續茶經》:作者陸廷燦將《茶經》完全接受納入自己的語義系統,不僅篇目與《茶經》之字不差,還把“原本《茶經》另列卷首”,并且在“凡例”的五段段首句中提及《茶經》,說明了自己“續”寫茶經的緣由,一覽無遺地再現出它與《茶經》的互文淵源:凡例:《茶經》著自唐桑苧翁,迄今千有余載,不獨制作各殊而烹飲迥異。即出產之處亦多不同。余性嗜茶,承乏崇安,適系武夷產茶之地。值知府滿公鄭重進獻,究悉源流,每以茶事下詢。查閱諸書,于武夷之外,每多見聞,因思采集為《續茶經》之舉。曩以薄書鞅掌,有志未遑。及蒙量移奉文赴部,以多病家居,翻閱舊稿,不忍委棄,愛為序次第??謱W術久荒,見聞疏漏,為識者所鄙,謹質之高明,幸有以教之,幸甚?!尽恫杞洝妨砹芯硎?。值得注意的是,陸廷燦在《續茶經》中對于《茶經》“仿擬”和“引用”的互文過程不只是主觀、武斷的語言關聯,而是通過蘊蓄機制發生作用的意義指向“翻新”的發展。例如先期母本《茶經》的第九章“茶之略”共包含222個字,主要是分析了在古代茶事中所需要的各種茶具中,哪些采茶、制茶、飲茶的用具是可以根據當時的條件及環境省略掉的;第十章“茶之圖”僅有寥寥數語,共計68個字,主要是教人用絹素書寫茶經并制成掛圖陳諸座隅,以隨時目染而熟記于心。而《續茶經》相應章節盡管表面標題只字未改,但是具體表述的內容則隨著歷史的發展呈現出全新的內容?!独m茶經》的第九章則帶有明顯的類書性質,例舉了我國古代自唐至清的156種茶書茶文茶詩,堪稱茶著集大成者,字數多達2792個;第十章“茶之圖”則例舉了能生動體現茶文化內容的茶具、茶器插圖(“至其圖無傳,不敢臆補,以茶具、茶器圖足之”),字數更是增加到了1511個,是《茶經》該章節的20倍??梢?,《續茶經》與《茶經》文本“雖然疊相祖述,但作者頗能運法于心,得魚忘筌,奪胎換骨,點鐵成金,而創作出獨具風貌并足以與前作媲美的擬作佳品”??梢?,發展性互文是茶典籍一種歷史的傳承,具有個人知識背景的創作母本更為廣大的群體所接受和再創造,而歷史的變遷為文本內容帶來了深層意義變化和發展。這類互文例證表明,茶典籍的創作是一個不斷擴展、重復、疊加、修正的過程,數千年來茶典籍的思想理念和語言文字表述的確是在互文性的語境下發展成形的。
二、《茶經》:茶文化的橫向互文傳播
《茶經》不僅僅是中國茶文化的瑰寶和模因母本,縱向地被本國茶著所仿擬和套用,它也是世界茶史上的重要里程碑?!坝捎谄錂嗤匚缓蜔o可替代的影響力,《茶經》還沖破了語言和文化的桎梏,被直接轉換成目的語語言引入異國文本,使當時中國農家以及世界各有關者俱受其惠?!边@種橫向傳播的互文引用以日本和韓國著作為多,約有近二十本/次。被英語書刊引用的有三本,這種從內容到形式上的復制驗證了《茶經》的模因母本地位。1935年美國學者WilliamUkers在紐約出版了篇幅浩帙的茶著《茶葉全書》(AllAboutTea),從六個方面詳細闡述了茶葉所涉及到的各個領域。作者非常認同中國茶及茶文化對世界的影響,一再強調《茶經》是“中國學者陸羽著述的第一部茶葉專著”,認為“茶是來自東方的恩澤(boonoftheOrient),構成了人類生活的美好享受”。正因為作者的認同,《茶葉全書》的第二章將《茶經》全文收入。在這一章的前四節,作者WilliamUkers主要介紹了中國傳統茶文化、中國的第一部茶著及這部茶著的作者陸羽。他這樣評說到:不僅中國古代農人應當對陸羽滿懷感恩,全世界人民更是俱受其惠。因為若不是有了陸羽和他的著作,人們也許至今還沒能體會到飲茶的美妙樂趣。在具體依照章節一一引入全書之前,WilliamUkers先用幾句話簡單概括了《茶經》的主題內容:“《茶經》共分三卷十章。在第一章中,陸羽介紹了茶樹的性質;在第二章中主講收采茶葉用的器皿;第三章是關于采茶的操作;第四章列舉和描述了二十四種加工茶的器具,在這一章中可以看到陸羽對于象征道教的中國陶瓷的偏愛與茶的影響。在第五章,陸羽介紹了煮茶的方法。在其余的幾個章節里,陸羽講述了飲茶的普通方法、歷史的總結、著名的產茶區和茶具的插圖。雖然從簡介和章節的目錄中可以明顯看出兩本著作間的原著與譯著的互文關系,但是仔細閱讀原著就可以了解到,作者對于《茶經》的引用主要是根據自己創作的意圖、語篇的結構和目標語讀者的需要。他主要采取了選擇性的“摘引“方法,除了將《茶經》十個章節中的重要技術性信息全部引用,與深層文化元素相關的哲學思想、比較生疏的古人軼事及詩詞歌賦等語言修辭之美多半被簡寫或者全部刪略。例如,陸羽在《茶經》中比較詳盡地介紹了中國古代傳統茶事有的制茶用器,其中有一件便是煮茶的“谽“:谽,以生鐵為之,今人有業冶者,所謂急鐵,其鐵以耕刀之趄,煉而鑄之。內抹土而外抹沙。土滑于內,易其摩滌;沙澀于外,吸其炎焰。方其耳,以正令也;廣其緣,以務遠也;長其臍,以守中也。(《茶經》“四之器”)陸羽并不是簡單地講述它們的特性與用途,而是將其從器物層面提升到精神高度,描述中包涵了儒家的“中庸”的理念:“正令”、“務遠”、“守中”,這一“中正”思想正是儒家治國求“和”之術。遺憾的是所有這些思想在《茶葉全書》引用中只是被簡單地一語蔽之:“谽”是一種生鐵鑄造的鍋(Aboilermadeofpigironorwroughtiron.)。生態文化元素的精準同樣可能會使異國作者的引用存在某些理解偏差。《茶經》原文第三章“茶之造”開篇首先介紹了采茶的時間:“凡采茶,在二月、三月、四月之間。”這顯然是農歷春季,而在《茶葉全書》中都變成了陽歷。盡管WilliamUkers很有心地將月份向后推了一個月,但時間的精準度上依舊留有偏差。而到了“三月三”這類中國特有的時間表達法上,WilliamUkers就更顯無奈,只用一個上限詞“春季”就概括了。此外,《茶經》語言優美,結構整飭,短短七千余字中就有詩歌、散文、典故、藥方等多種文體,可惜的是,這種語言修辭的美也沒能在《茶葉全書》中得以再現,其譯本只是將文本淺層次的意義傳遞出來,語言不免單調平淡?!恫杞洝返谄哒隆安柚隆敝械暮芏嗖枞溯W事、晉朝左思《嬌女詩》、張孟陽的《登成都樓》等韻味悠遠的茶詩直接刪除,使得《茶經》這最具文化色彩的第七章幅度大減。這樣的引用方法,加之作者在第二小節中將陸羽介紹成“中國的浪漫喜劇家”,這很可能會造成目標語讀者對陸羽的片面認識,《茶經》也因而失去它作為一本獨立著作所具備的深層的文化蘊意和瑰麗的文學色彩。
三、結語
關鍵詞:體育教學;茶文化;引入;應用
在人們日常生活中茶具有極為重要的地位,古代文人雅士認為品茶是生活中的樂趣,具有陶冶情操和性情的作用。伴隨著飲茶的日益盛行,我國茶文化也得到了快速發展,茶文化具備極為豐富的文化內容,影響著人們的日常生活。我國社會經濟發展進程不斷加快和社會水平不斷上升,當前社會人們對于生活質量提出了更高要求,體育活動也逐漸受到人們重視。在體育活動中人們不僅能夠鍛煉身體還能培養興趣愛好,具有積極的意義。當前社會人們越來越重視體育活動,這使得傳統體育教學已經無法滿足需求,因此當前體育教學的主要任務是不斷革新體育教學模式和內容,從而提升學生身體素質和思想素質。
1在體育教學中引進茶文化的可行性
1.1具有文化基礎
一是從表面上看雖然體育教育和茶文化一動一靜沒有太大關聯,但實際上兩者都具備有文化屬性。在漫長歷史發展過程中體育和茶文化具有許多文化交際特點,譬如體育與茶文化都和文學、詩歌、繪畫有密切的聯系,具有民族文化特色和文化精神內涵,因此體育和茶文化在文化上具有很大關聯。二是茶文化與體育文化具備著類似思想基礎。茶文化蘊藏著儒家思想、道家理論、佛家等哲學思想,注重人與自然的相協調,而體育文化教學也非常注重人和自然的和諧相處,開展體育活動時需要遵守環境法則,體育教學需要充分考慮所處環境和氣候。茶文化和體育教學在哲學思想基礎上具有人和自然相協調的相似性,規范著文化參與者的行為準則。在飲茶過程中重視雅、靜、養、道等,而武術體育要求靜、養、悟、道等,兩者都要求文化參與者調整自身行為和思想修養。三是體育文化和茶文化都具備著大量參與群體,兩者具備著相同文化參與者,能夠實現兩種文化融合,從而構成獨具特色的文化現象。
1.2有助于培養生活趣味
我國茶文化是由悠長歷史傳承和發展演變而成的,集聚著我國民族文化精神和內容,茶文化代表著社會人們勇于追求美好生活的精神,從品茶中人們可以獲得心靈上的寧靜,并讓人們遠離喧鬧的社會,安靜地去思考人生,我國傳統茶文化不僅能夠提升人們思想素養,還能夠提高生活趣味。隨著茶文化的不斷發展,飲茶習慣也逐漸形成,人們在慢慢品茶中可以感受到品茶趣味,并能切實感受到生活中隨處可見的快樂。在體育教學中融入茶文化不但能夠提升高校學生生活趣味,而且還能夠傳承和發揚我國傳統茶文化內涵。學生在茶文化精神內涵影響下,更加重視體育教學活動,并將體育教學活動當做是生活樂趣和享受。在體育教學實踐活動中發現,部分學生極其厭惡體育活動,并且可能產生各種厭煩情緒。因此在體育教學活動中融入茶文化有助于提升學生體育教學活動的積極性和興趣,并能積極融入到體育實踐活動中去。
1.3精神文化內涵存在相似性
在高等院校教育教學過程中,不但需要注重學生思想和專業知識的培養,還需要重視學生思想素質培養,只有具備強健的體魄,才能擁有良好的學習狀態,因此對高等院校學生來說日常體育教學是非常重要的。高等院校開展各項體育教學活動,主要是為了增強學生身體素質,從而為社會培養出更加優秀的人才。在體育教學實踐活動中學生不僅能夠鍛煉身體,還能擁有良好心態去面對生活中的各種困難。加強體育教學有助于培養學生積極向上的學習心態,從而以良好的心態進行學習。在悠長歷史演變過程中,茶文化具備了許多文化內涵和精神內涵,加強對茶文化的認知有助于學習茶文化精神內涵,從而培養積極向上的心態。茶文化涵蓋著平和的人生世界觀以及平和人生態度,通過了解茶文化能夠學習其平和處事態度和積極向上的精神。從表面上看體育教學與茶文化相差甚遠,但是兩者實質內涵卻有著極為相似之處,都能夠培養人們高尚情操,并保持著積極向上的精神狀態,兩者都具備著這樣的特性。因此,在體育教學中融入茶文化能夠推動體育教學的發展。
2茶文化引進體育教學的現狀
體育文化和茶文化雖然具有許多關聯性,但實際上我國體育教育和茶文化發展方向始終處于平行線上,兩者之間的融合仍然存在許多問題,表現為以下幾個方面。
2.1體育教學沒有正確認識茶文化
高等院校教育教學過程中認為體育教學屬于運動文化,而茶文化則是屬于靜態文化,兩者之間不存在關聯性,并且沒有考慮到體育教學和茶文化兩者在文化上的相似性和共同點,部分高校體育教學認為茶文化對于體育教學是不利的,對運動員奮斗激情和學習積極性產生消極影響。
2.2當前在體育教學中引進的茶文化元素形式相對單一
當前的體育教學沒有將所有的茶文化元素引入到體育教學實踐活動中去,一些省份在體育教學中雖然逐步引進茶文化元素,但是只是在體育活動調養階段引入,無法讓茶文化貫穿到體育教學活動的各個環節。
2.3當前體育教學尚未建立和茶文化關聯的教學制度和體系
許多區域體育教學沒有對茶文化和體育教學關聯性展開深入研究,對茶文化和體育文化的文化內涵和哲學思想以及價值功能等都不太了解,難以將茶文化真正貫徹到體育教學中去。茶文化具有生命力旺盛以及延伸面廣等特點,因此在體育教育教學中引進茶文化有助于推動著體育教學的快速發展,對于創新體育教育教學有著促進的作用。
3茶文化在體育教學中的應用
為了全面革新體育教學和茶文化發展的基本現狀,應當加強對體育教學和茶文化的了解,認識到體育文化與茶文化的共同特性,并以創新思維來不斷考慮體育文化和茶文化的結合。
3.1體育教育教學應當積極引進“茶文化植入”思想意識,并繼承和發揚傳統文化
體育文化工作者應當加強對傳統文化的認識,以傳承我國優秀的民族文化,并將茶文化精神內涵貫穿到體育教育教學過程中,不斷創新我國體育教育教學形式和內容。同時體育工作者應當充分認識到體育教學和茶文化的整體系統性,只有兩者相互結合才能發揮出真正的作用。體育教育教學和茶文化結合應當呈現動態發展,結合不同地域的文化特色以及基本需求等不斷發展變化,從而讓茶文化和體育文化結合適合更多的人群。此外在體育教育教學中引進茶文化的基本目的是為人服務,體育文化和茶文化相互結合應當始終堅持以人為本,并將體育文化學習者和茶文化學習者始終放在第一位置,提高學習者的認知能力和接受能力,學習者在體育學習過程中不僅能夠獲取體育技能,還能夠獲得更多的文化知識以及精神內涵。
3.2將茶文化引進體育教育教學過程中,應當明確技能以及綜合素養教育教學的基本目標
在實際體育教育教學過程中融入茶文化代表著兩者在教學中都是極為重要的,因此應當注重體育教學和茶文化的相互結合。體育文化和茶文化在結合過程中涵蓋著許多傳統民族文化內涵以及精神內涵,因此在體育教學過程中不僅需要注重體育技術教育教學,還需要加強文化培養,從而讓中國體育更具有豐富民族文化特色。應當將茶文化作為體育發展的基礎和方向,并不斷繼承和發揚我國優秀的傳統文化。在體育文化和茶文化的相互結合中不僅要傳揚傳統體育文化知識,還要繼承和發揚我國傳統茶文化精神內涵。此外體育文化教學者應當加強對體育動作的了解,熟練掌握教育教學動作技術,還應當加強對體育用品、標志、服飾及其他行為規范的了解,從而更好地進行體育教育教學工作。與此同時體育工作者還應當加強對茶文化內涵精神的了解,充分將茶文化內涵挖掘出來。茶文化和體育文化具有著許多共性,譬如審美觀、內涵精神、價值觀等,在體育教育教學中充分融入茶文化能夠實現體育教學現代化,從而繼承并傳揚傳統茶文化和民族文化。
3.3現代體育教育教學中積極引進茶文化思想和內涵,應當和茶文化充分結合在一起,從而形成具有民族文化的體育教學形式
現代體育結合茶文化教學應當充分利用現代化技術,其中可以利用網絡技術和現代化多媒體技術展開茶文化民族體育教學,從而推動茶文化在體育教育教學中的發展。通過現代技術將茶文化和體育文化呈現在學生眼前,讓學習者能夠加強對體育文化和傳統茶文化的了解。譬如在體育教學中結合各種茶文化舞蹈,通過互聯網向學習者展現不同地區的茶舞蹈以及茶服飾等,讓學習者能夠從生動形象的視頻動畫效果中感受到茶文化精神內涵。此外體育教育教學中引進茶文化還可以通過體驗式方式來加強學習者對茶文化的了解,從各項體育運動中學生不但能夠加強學生對動作形體的鍛煉,而且還能夠加強對茶文化的認識。在體育教育教學實踐活動中融入茶文化,始終要以茶文化作為教學指導思想,并充分結合茶文化歷史以及體育文化,充分調動體育學習者的學習興趣和熱情,再讓體育動作和民族文化互相聯系,通過舞蹈、競技等多種形式來不斷展現出體育教學和茶文化的相互共性。
3.4在體育教育教學過程中積極引進茶文化就必須構建完善的跟蹤反饋體制
要充分了解體育學生的心理變化和生理變化,并結合學生實際反應靈活運用茶文化到體育教育教學實踐活動中去,并構建獨具民族文化特色的體育運動形式,但實際上該種結合方式仍然處于創新性探索階段,需要經過長期實踐才能應用。在體育教育教學中引進茶文化和民族文化是較為長期的過程,因此就需要對體育學生在參與過程中的各項生理指標以及心理指標等進行相應量化統計,經過各項數據對比,不斷完善茶文化引進體育教學體制,從而繼承和傳揚我國傳統民族文化。譬如贛南地區在實際體育教育教學過程中將采茶和體育健身操相互聯系起來,并構建具有民族文化特色的運動方式,從而將茶文化充分體現在體育實踐活動中去。并且贛南地區的采茶操中還重視對肌肉系統、呼吸系統、心血管系統和耐力以及靈敏度等多方面鍛煉,經過數據統計能夠不斷完善采茶健身操,并能夠在體育教育教學中融入茶文化,并構建具有民族文化特色和地域特色的體育教育教學形式,從而繼承和傳揚著我國優秀的茶文化。在進行茶文化體育教學引入中,應充分將茶文化的基本特點表現出來,將體育文化和茶文化緊密的結合起來,不斷完善體育教育教學機制和體系,從而建立起以茶文化為核心,建設具有茶文化特色的體育教學形式,以推動著茶文化和體育文化的發展,由此看來,在教育教學中引入茶文化具有積極的意義。
4結語
在體育教育教學中積極引進茶文化不僅能夠鍛煉學習者的身體素質,同時還有助于幫助學生全面發展,極大提升學生的生理素質和心理素質,這對于現代體育教育教學創新發展有著極為重要的意義。在體育教育中引入茶文化需要注重革新教學方法和形式,讓學習者充分感受到茶文化精神內涵,并有效提升學生體育學習熱情和積極性,從而促進現代體育教育教學的快速發展。
參考文獻
[1]王保龍,孫振波,李淑元.民族傳統體育文化的德育價值探析[J].當代體育科技,2016(4):131-132.
[2]趙華清,李大龍.中學體育課程改革的幾點思考[J].內江科技,2016(4):104-105.
[3]崔熙.大學體育教學中加強人文關懷的策略探索[J].產業與科技論壇,2015(23):117+119.
1茶文化和音樂之間的歷史淵源
中國的茶文化發展歷程源遠流長,歷史底蘊極其深厚,是經過數千年歷史洗禮留下來的精華,發展至今依然被人們廣為推崇。認真回想書籍中有關采茶、飲茶方面的詩詞歌賦不難發現,茶文化和音樂早已被古人融合在了一起,并被歷代人們所傳頌。比如,大家熟知的《行香子•茶詞》、《宿杜曲花下》、《鷓鵠天•湯詞》等作品,都提到了琵琶、笛子、古箏等一系列古典樂器的應用。與此同時,當代茶樓中經常播放的音樂也均以古典歌曲為主,奉行了“茶適合凈室與古曲”這一從古到今永不改變的文化與旋律。茶藝與茶道即是能夠培育人們精神情操的藝術形式,也是能夠培養人們審美情趣的美學形式。因而,茶道學習不僅可以利用沏茶、賞茶增進茶友間的溝通與友誼,[1]同時,還能夠通過品茗讓自己樹立求真、溫婉、廉潔、清和的高尚情操。另外,茶道作為能夠提升氣質且極具意義的美學儀式,同古代文人、墨客等儒雅之士所提倡的儒家、道家與佛家的茶文化精神不謀而合。茶文化和音樂是相生相容的關系,如我們熟知的采茶歌。來源于日常生活但又高于日常生活的采茶歌,經過發展又衍生出了采茶舞、采茶戲等,且這些極具特色的民間藝術都已成為中華傳統文化的主要構成部分。尤其是采茶戲,其為我國有且僅有的獨特劇種。即便是在現代生活中談論到茶文化和音樂的相容相生時,很多人也會想起一些經典的傳統采茶歌,如《請茶歌》、《采茶舞曲》等。當然,當代音樂在吸收傳統茶歌的基礎上,也極其重視對其的發展與創新,促使茶文化和當代音樂不斷發生碰撞和交流,推動了茶文化在當代音樂教育中的更好發展。比如,在精湛的茶藝表演中,將水從壺中傾斜而注到茶杯中的動作,配之以古典曲目《高山流水》,可以讓整個畫面充滿詩情畫意,營造濃厚的文化氛圍與藝術環境。
2茶文化在當代音樂教育中的重要價值
2.1增強審美感知力
音樂屬于聲音藝術的一種,也是情感最為豐富的藝術形式。因此,采茶戲、茶詩歌、茶藝表演等各種茶文化在當代音樂教育中的應用,不僅要蘊含深厚的審美意境與茶道精神,而且還要增強動作的“神韻”與美感度,這樣學生才能通過聆聽與觀賞真切感悟到茶文化的精神內涵及美的享受。[2]伴隨著學生在音樂知識方面的不斷積累與提升,促使學生對音樂的表達方式產生了更多理解,也更易于把握音樂作品中蘊含的茶道精神、表達意境等,進而提升其審美感知力。
2.2有效拓展想象力
從某種角度去講,豐富的想象力主要是指從對象的表現形式中獲取更為廣闊的思考與想象空間。將茶文化應用于當代音樂教育中,不僅能夠有效幫助學生體驗美、發現美以及拓展美,獲得豐富的情感體驗,深化學生對人生、對生活的感悟,增加想象的彈性空間,而且有助于學生通過音樂科學表達自己的內在情感,深入理解與把握音樂作品的本質內涵與文化蘊意。例如,在當代音樂教學中學習作品《十二月采茶》時,蘊意飽滿的曲詞不僅僅能讓學生體會到茶農愉悅歡快的心情與奮發向上的積極態度,雖有無奈但卻毫不氣餒的偉大精神,更為關鍵的是能讓學生在此基礎上對茶園的景象、茶農的情感及辛勤勞作的畫面等展開豐富的想象,讓學生在欣賞美、感受美的同時,還能有效拓展想象力。
2.3建立健全高尚人格
茶自古就被中華民族視為高尚情操與健全人格的重要象征符號。因而自古至今數不清的文人騷客均是在茶的陪伴下洞悉事故人情,領悟清凈為懷、虛懷若谷的道理,將茶作為支撐自己精神家園的重要支柱,當然也創作出了一部部膾炙人口的茶詩詞、采茶戲、茶歌曲等。在當代音樂教育中引入這些與茶息息相關的作品,對學生深入理解茶文化內涵與音樂本質有極大幫助。[3]古代人們對茶味、茶秉性的解讀實質是對茶的意蘊與精神的贊美,是為了塑造更為高尚的品質與人格,是為了樹立正確的價值觀與人生觀。所以,在當代音樂教育中運用茶文化,可以讓學生認識到自身的不足并及時予以改正,對促進學生的人格健全與道德情操塑造具有積極的推動作用。
3茶文化在當代音樂教育中的運用路徑
3.1增加教材的茶文化內容比重
在我國的中小學教育階段,音樂課程常被列為“副科”,始終處于教育的邊緣地位,所采用的音樂教材也是長期未得到調整與創新的陳舊教材。但是,伴隨著時代的發展演變,音樂內容卻在不斷變化,如果一直沿用傳統教材開展教學,不僅會使教學效果大打折扣,而且會降低學生的音樂學習興趣。為實現茶文化的有效應用,需要相關人員緊扣茶文化對當代音樂教材進行改進與創新,適當增加教材中的茶文化內容比重。譬如,在教材中詳細介紹我國各地區比較經典的采茶歌,將茶藝、茶道與當代音樂教育內容相融合,提升學生對我國茶文化的認知與了解,最大程度地發揮茶文化對當代音樂教育的帶動作用。只有在當代音樂教育中注入更多的茶文化內容,才能讓學生對茶文化在當代音樂教育中的價值與應用路徑有更為清晰的理解,也才能真正發揮茶文化在當代音樂教育中的積極作用。
3.2發揮多媒體的音樂教育功能
新時代的多媒體技術發展十分迅速,已被廣泛應用到包括學校在內的多個領域,多媒體教學已成為現代教師進行教學的重要輔助手段,有利于促進當代音樂教學內容的積極開展。根據近年來的調查數據顯示,諸多音樂教師仍以“唱練結合”的傳統教學方式為主,這種單一的、機械的教學模式缺乏專業性,而且易于出現走音、氣息不穩等現象。[4]然而,多媒體作為集聲音、圖像、文字、視頻等多種元素于一體的現代化科學技術,如果當代音樂教師能夠充分發揮多媒體技術的功能與作用,將多媒體技術應用于教學之中,不僅可以提高音樂示范的精準性與逼真性,而且豐富多彩的教學畫面可以有效激發學生的學習興趣與動力。具體而言,可以在課堂教學過程中播放有關茶文化音樂的音頻、視頻以及有聲讀物等,從而提高學生的直觀認識,幫助學生深入了解茶文化在當代音樂教育中的重要影響力。
3.3開設茶文化的音樂欣賞課程
在當代音樂的課堂教學中,我們可以選取不同朝代中極具特色的有關茶的舞蹈、歌曲或詞曲等作品,以此當作茶文化的音樂欣賞課程的重點內容。例如,《茶歌》、《全唐詩》、《西山蘭若試茶歌》、《茶中雜詠序》等。同時,茶歌的一個重要來源是由民謠改編而成的歌曲,即民謠經過文人墨客的整理、配曲與雕琢,再放置于民間進行傳唱,如在明清時期廣為流傳的茶歌曲《貢茶鰣魚歌》;同時茶歌還有一個重要來源,即由茶工和茶農自己創編而成的山歌或民歌等,如在清代的武夷山采茶區廣為流傳的勞工歌等。通過鑒賞這些描述茶文化的音樂曲目,可以增強學生的歌詞理解力,提升學生的音樂學習效率,感悟到歌曲的內在魅力與文化氣息。[5]另外,當代音樂教師在茶文化的音樂欣賞課堂上,還應積極引導學生針對茶文化的賞析及見解進行討論,充分發揮自身的想象力與創造力,深切領會中國茶文化的浩瀚與精深。開設該課程的重要目的是鼓勵學生學習鑒賞茶文化音樂的內容和方法,初步具備基礎的文化賞析水平與能力,促使學生將自己對人生的領悟、文化的認知以及自然的萬物等融入到當代音樂的學習之中,進而創作出經典的、觸動心靈的現代音樂。
3.4重視實踐活動的科學合理組織
加強茶文化在當代音樂教育中的實踐性教學活動,可以幫助學生提高茶文化的音樂選擇水平與能力。學生在當代音樂教學中學到豐富的茶文化知識之后,已經對茶藝表演中的音樂選擇、音樂形式等有了系統性的了解,此時就需要音樂教師有目的、有計劃地引導學生參與音樂實踐活動。從本質上講,音樂實踐就是在學生了解音樂內涵的基礎上,感悟音樂中的茶文化精髓,實現音樂感知與音樂能力升華的一系列過程??茖W有效開展當代音樂教育實踐活動,有助于幫助學生通過音樂與茶文化學習,更好的樹立形象思維和鑒賞思維。諸如,教師可以舉辦賞樂茶會、音樂茶談會、茶音樂競技等實踐活動,對學生應用茶文化的音樂能力進行系統化、集中化的訓練,對學生的藝術品位進行層次化的練習,甚至可以通過舉辦音樂欣賞茶會等活動,全面展示參與實踐活動的學生的實際訓練成果。[6]這種實踐模式,既能讓學生積極主動的參與到當代音樂的學習之中,還有助于教師形成學生學習成果記錄,對學生的整體學習狀況進行全方位的把握,從而為提高當代音樂教育的針對性發揮重要功能。更為重要的是在此學習過程中,廣大學生通過實踐活動,結合茶藝表演的具體類型,選用最為合理的音樂曲目,然后在音樂茶會活動中進行表演,不但可以讓學生充分展示自己,而且能提升教學質量與成效,激發學生的學習主動性與積極性,提高學生的表現力、創造力以及審美能力等。
總而言之,歷經數千年的茶文化,不但是中華民族的文化瑰寶,還是全人類文化的主要組成部分,同時中國茶文化還影響著英國、日本等國家的茶文化形成。當代音樂教育如果能夠將茶文化科學引入到課程之中,則可以有效鞏固茶文化在當代音樂教育中的重要地位和功能。從微觀視角去看,有利于提高學生的感知力與審美力,有益于培養學生的創造力與想象力,有助于增強學生的道德情操與整體素養;從宏觀視角去看,也是傳播與發揚中國茶文化的主要路徑,對提高整個社會的品德素質、人文素養以及精神文明等有突出作用,更有助于提升中國文化在國際舞臺上的影響力。
作者:王芳 單位:河南理工大學音樂學院
參考文獻
[1]曾竹娥.淺議音樂教學的生活化取向———以贛南采茶戲教學為例[J].群文天地,2012(11).
[2]楊韶軍.粵北采茶戲及其音樂歌舞特色[J].韶關學院學報(社會科學),2012(09).
[3]陳茶鳳.茶文化學科音樂課開設的意義和教學設計[J].產業與科技論壇,2015(08).
[4]林曉潔.不可替代的魅力———淺談茶文化與藝術的聯系[J].文學界(理論版),2011(02).
Marriage occurs in the human society since the dawn of time, marriage is the foundation of a family, and also is the foundation of society, which combines males with females to form a stable and sustained relationship. In the human history, the origin of civilization is along with the evolution of marriage. In other words, the evolution of marriage improves the human society to develop step by step. In the traditional China society, once two people get married, they will not be allowed to get porced. Marriage like a holy contract among couples, and two people should be responsible to each other. However, in the different era, the culture of marriage is very different. In the feudal society, marriage was determined completely by parents, and the groom and bride have no chance to choose their own freedom of marriage. But following the development of society, the concept of marriage is gradually changing, marriage become more and more opened and free. Nevertheless, in contrast with America, there are many concepts of marriage which are greatly different. So, the essay through analyzing these differences digs up the reasons of difference between China and America.
1. The cultural backgrounds of Marriage in Chinese and American.
In the traditional China social, marriage sometimes is shackle for women and will determine a woman’s fate in her entire life. Once woman get married, she have no right to porce with her husband. Only her husband can porce with her. Even her husband is addicted to alcohol, gamble or have other lover outside. So in the old days, these women’s fates are very miserable, because moral principles force them to obey their father, old brothers, husbands and grownup son. Woman’s marriage is completely appointed by her parents and old brothers. When her husband porce with her, she will face the morality denounce. While in the American history, marriage is a private matter and no one can intervene without permit. They have the right to live with the person they like. But once they find that their marriage is a mistake, they will make the second choice, because it is brutal to force two people who don’t love each other any more to live together.
2. Engagement.
In china, when a man wants to engage to his girlfriend, generally, he will give his future wife a betrothal ring as a symbol of their engagement. Besides, he will go to visit his future parents-in-law. If his girlfriend’s parents think he is reliable and is able to make their daughter happy in the future, they will permit the man’s proposal, but the man often has to give his future parents-in-law a considerable amount of betrothal presents. If not, his girl’s parents usually oppose to marry daughter to the man, because they think the man is poor and their daughter will not be happy with the man without material base. After the marriage get the permission of their both parents. The engagement is successful. Therefore from engage to get married. The man will spend a large number of money. Nowadays, in china, the expenditure of marriage become a huge pressure for man, because girl choosing to marry to a man, largely depend on whether the man have a commodity house or have a car. However, the price of house in china is unbelievable high, most of they can not afford to buy a house in city with their very low salary.
While in America, when people fall in love with each other, they will go to the other’s family to meet the future parents-in-law, and to adapt to the other’s family. When a man proposes to a woman, then if she promises the proposal, they will immediately arrange the time of their parents’ meeting. In general, a man will give an engagement ring to his fiancée. It is enough in the materials about marriage. Woman needn’t have to marry with man who has houses, cars and deposit books. She just gets married just because of love. Not according to man’s wealth.
3. Difference on wedding between China and America.
The largest difference in wedding between China and America, on the one hand, is the difference of Color of wedding. In China, on the wedding day, red is all the color, Bride dress up red cheongsam to marry with groom. The doors, windows, and all kinds of furniture are affixed on Bright red xizi, because red represents joyfulness and prosperity in traditional china. Compared to China, in United States, White is the first choice of wedding color, and represents the purity and nobility. On the big day, both new house and church of marriage are decorated with white flowers, and all the clothes the bride dressed are white. People regard that the bride with white bridal veil symbolizes purity. On the other hand, the marriage of two countries is greatly different at the sounds. In China, people think that the more noise, the more cheerfulness, and bride and groom will get more blessings. Therefore, that day of marriage is full of the sound of firecrackers. However, the songs of the marriage are all soft and peaceful in the wedding in the United States. After the music is started, the whole church is without any other noise. Then marriage will proceed in a very grave atmosphere. In United States, on the wedding day, the bride must bring five things to Church, which is a new one, an old one, a borrowed one, a blue one, and the a sixpence in the shoes. This culture is originated from the Victorian era. And the five things mean five traditions respectively. A new one means that the bride’s latter life will be full of happiness. And the new one can be replaced by the newly-bought materials in the marriage. An old one means that the relationship and friendliness between bride and her parents will still continue. The tradition can be showed by a hereditary jewelry the bride dressed. Some brides will dress up their mothers’ old bridal veil. A borrowed one, which should be borrowed from a happy woman in marriage and the woman must be one of the bride’s relatives, Means that the old one will bring good lucky for the bride. But the borrowed one must be given back. A blue one, because in the traditional custom. Blue represents purity and loyalty, and can be embodied by the blue hem of bride’s suspenders. At last, the sixpenny in shoes means that the newly component family will be prosperous. And it also means that the bride’s bridal veil must not be sold, but can be borrowed or threw off. If not, the marriage relating money will quickly go to the end.
4. Concept of family.
In the traditional culture of China, man work outside to make money to maintain the whole family, and the woman stay at home to take care of the old, children, and husband, even though woman have done much work in the pision of family’s labor. Whereas, woman are often in the subordinative position, and haven’t right in the family. Most of women regard their husbands as the dependent of whole life. If their husband porce with them, they cannot remarry with others. Which results that a married man prefers to pursue the success of his career, rather than to pay attention to his wife, his family. There is an old story in China, the Dayu flood control. Dayu passed by the doorway of his own house for tree times, he didn’t come in home once. At the First time, his wife is ill, at the second time, his wife is pregnant, and the last one is that his wife is giving birth to his son. In order to fulfill his work of controlling water, he didn’t come in house to see his ill wife and newborn baby.
However in United States, the both sides in marriage, husband and wife are in the equal position, they have equal right to porce with each other, and porced woman can remarry with other man, without facing moral discrimination. In contrast to China, Americans usually think that family is more important than career. No matter how important work an America man is engaging. If his wife is ill or is giving birth to a baby, he will immediately put down his work. And come to his wife without any hesitation. For example, Tracy McGrady, a super star in the NBA, is playing an important match against New Orleans Jazz, during the match. he is informed that his fiancée is to be sending to hospital as severe stomach which is the sign of delivery. He immediately quit the match and hurry to the hospital to accompany his fiancée.
5. Children’s education.
The methods of children’s education between China and America exists great differences. In China, parents usually control their kids very strictly. They don’t want children to do other things except studying textbook. They even often limit children’s rest time and always ask kids to do homework and recite books all the time. Because most of parents in China think that studying well, and then get into a famous university is the only way to their children’s bright future. They never consider their kids’ ideas, and think that all they have done will be good to their kids. They hope to put kids’ life under their control tightly, only this way, their kids will not be out of the right road. All of them require their children to get high grades in the examinations. If their children failed in the exams, they will give kids a severe punishment, such as a big scold, or a furious slap, then tell kids that if they cannot get a good score next time, they will face a severer punishment. And if their children study very well and rank in the top in class, the parents often are very proud of their kids, and often show off to neighbors how good their children are in study. Parents in China less respect kids’ interests, because they think the interests will interfere study. So they often forbid children doing interested things which kids would like to do. And they also choose all kinds of interested classes for their children only according to their own ideas, then force children to learn the these classes, without asking kids’ advices. So in China, Children have no freedom, they can’t decide their own things, their fate is arranged by their parents. While in America, the situation is very different with China, parents treat their own kids like a grownup, and give kids the freedom of choosing their own interests and life. When children like to do something, the parents often support them and try to lead them to succeed in their interests. Although the parents hope their children have a good performance in school. They don’t think the grade in studying is the only way to leverage their children’s ability and genius. The parents are willing to cultivate their children a certain skill or interest, other than purely studying. Therefore, they give kids the equal position in family. And never force children to do something which children don’t want to do. The parents in United States value to cultivate kids’ independent and creativity, they make kids go out to make their only allowance. So, in America, kids have rights of deciding their own things, and stay in an equal position with their parents. When kids gown up, they have a strong independent consciousness and the ability of independent thinking. However in China, when they separate themselves from their parents’ control, they will lose the ability of earning one’s own living, and lose judgement in daily life.
轉貼于 6. Influences of Economical Factors in Marriage.
Generally, the happy index of marriage largely depends on the wealth of a family. A rich family often can provide a good and constant influence in marriage, because advanced material conditions make couples be more satisfied about the marriage, and couples will have more time and money to enjoy their marriage, they can spend a sweet honeymoon without worrying about expenditures in travel, and can also avoid the quarrel about property in family. In China, many couples porce because of the lack of material base, a woman porce with her husband, due to husband can’t make enough money to satisfy the wife’s all kinds of material appetites to a large extent. Hence, man in the marriage usually suffers from the bigger pressure than woman in China. Once a man failed in his business or his career, and then cannot make more money to provide a good living level for his wife. The wife will be tired of his husbands and think that his husband is unable, and yet the husband symbolizes an authority in the traditional China society and is hard to stand his wife’s contempt, eventually, following the failure of a man’s business, the family’s discord and contradiction are consequent. Therefore, no matter in the traditional China society or in the modern China society, a woman is willing to marry with a man, in general, not because both of them deeply love each other, but the woman want to find a man which can give her a lifetime’s reliance. So the economic conditions of the family will largely determine the happiness and endurance of marriage. In China, because before two people married, their both property will be shared together, thus, the situation often cause many quarrels about economy in family. However, In China, there is a words, “if once a man got lots of money, he will become a bad guy”, which means that when a man makes a big fortune, he will go outside to look for other woman. In fact, this circumstance is often found in the adult successful man. While in America, the situation of the influence of economy is very different with China. In United States, because woman and man are very equal in the America society, woman need not rely on her husband in economy, many unmarried and married women have their own work and can make a living by their own hands. Therefore many America couples porce, not because of the contradiction of money, but the discord of affection, or the extinguishment in love. Before two people married, they will notarize their respective properties. In case the couples porced, they can have their own properties, which avoid many unnecessary wrangles in assets. But it cannot work in China, because China woman thinks that if she marries with a man, so the man should give his all things to her. 7. The difference on the concept of porce.
In the traditional China society, Divorce is very rare in the feudal society. The core elements of Confucianism require people to live with nature harmoniously, value the harmony in the whole society, and regulate the society as a trenchant society rank. Therefore the concept of porce does not accord with the Confucianism. Due to the limitation of traditional culture, Chinese take marriage very seriously, most of them married once in their lifetime. Couples will not porce, even that there is not any affection existed between them. Because the concept of family occupied huge position in their minds, if the family broke down, it will relate children’s education. Another reason is that the traditional China society looks down on porced women. Therefore, women didn’t want to porce with their husbands, no matter how bad their husbands treat them. Some women even committed suicide after they are abandoned by their husbands. However, long with the society developing, the concept of traditional marriage has changed so much, Divorce in China never looked as a shamed thing to woman, who can not only choose to marry with her loved, but also can be fee to porce her husband, if she thinks that it is not necessary to continue the marriage anymore. So, nowadays in China, there are more and more unhappy marriages which end up with porce, instead of maintaining the marriage distressfully. Every year, about thirty percent of couples porce. In contrast to China, in America, two people getting married are very free, and porcing is also very free, which results that the porce rate is very high in America, it is about fifty percent. Because America is a country which values the freedom very much, American is less limited by moral ideas. They want to do what they love, not to do what others ask them to do. Laws in the United States encourage the porce in some degree. For example, some states in America have very loose laws about porce, so couples are easy to porce because of the convenient and express procedure of porce.
Conclusion
The marriage Concept between Chinese and American is very different in the main several aspects. In the old days, Family’s stabilization was regard as the base of a sound and health society. So the traditional culture in China emphasizes the stable marriage, which is controlled completely by the old generation. The youngsters haven’t any freedom to choose happiness in marriages. They have to obey their parents’ decision. But along with the society developing and the living level improving, Chinese are more desired to have the all kinds of freedom, including the freedom of marriage. In the twenty-first Century, the new generation largely liberates from the shackles of Feudal ideas. They hunger for deciding their own life. Gradually, the concept of marriage is developed to a large extent, and more and more close to the western concept of marriage. As in the America, the people in the country do their utmost to pursue their own freedom, equality, and justice. They don’t hope any inpidual, organization or political system to constrict them to have the right of realizing their desires. American believes that all men are created equal, and democracy is the base of freedom in their country, the democracy exists not only in the society, but also in the every family. That is why free love is so prevailing in United States. Totally, the backgrounds of two different cultures determine the different concept of marriage. But it is certain that as the global integration and China’s entry into the world gradually, the concept of marriage between China and America will be more and more oncoming, opened and free.
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